PA 

6561 

05 

1899 

MAIN 


UC-NRLF 


B    M     Dfi2    fi25 


J^:dRVATIONS 


.'LEY  LIBRARIES 

<|li|l|lll|l|H|i{|l|j 


iJi>llill>lii<illlJllliii 


e  Use  of  Certain  Prepositions 


PETRONIUS 


WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  THE 


Roman 
Sermo  Plebeius 


ANDREW  OLIVER,  A.M.  (Harv.),  Ph.D. 

STRUCTOR    IN    GREEK    AND    LATIN,    ST.    MATraEjAr^g^^IOOL 
SAN  MATEO,  CALIFORNIA ;  FORMERLY  OF  THE  POMFRET 
"^^  '"^CH00L^''P0MFRET,  CONNECTICUT. 


San  Francisco 
1899 


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OBSERVATIONS 


The  Use  of  Certain  Prepositions 


PETRONIUS 


WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  THE 


Roman 
Sermo  Plebems 


BY 

ANDREW  OLIVER,  A.  M.  (Harv.),  Ph.  D. 

INSTRUCTOR    IN    GREEK    AND    LATIN,    ST.    ^lATTHEW:^§_§CHOOL 
SAN  MATEO,  CALIFORNIA;   FORMERLY  OF  THE  POMFRET 
' ''"sCHOoCpOMFRET,  CONNECTICUT. 


San  Francisco 
1899 


nO, 


'^i.-M^*.^« 


OBSERVATIONS 


Tl^e  Use  of  Certain  Prepositions 


PETRONIUS 


WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  THE 


Rom  an 
Sermo  Plebems 


BY 

ANDREW  OLIVER,  A.  M.  (Harv.),  Ph.  D. 

INSTRUCTOR    IN    GREEK    AND    LATIN,    ST.    MATTHEW'S    SCHOOL, 

SAN  MATEO,  CALIFORNIA;   FORMERLY  OF  THE  POMFRET 

SCHOOL,  POMFRET,  CONNECTICUT. 


San  Francisco 
1899 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


BIBUOGRAPHY iii-iv 

INTRODUCTION v-vi 

PART  I— THE  PRFCPOSITION  AD. 

j>  I.  General  Statistics;   Use  with  Verbs  of  Motion i 

i>  2.  Use  in  Figurative  Sense;  often  with  Verbs  of  Motion  i,    2 

j  3.  The  use  of  AD  in  the  expression  'ad  suMMAM'.. 2,    3 

i;  4.  Instances  of  the  Use  of  AD  Instead  of  tlie  Simple  Dative 3,    4 

ii  5.  AD  Used  Like  the  Greek  Kara  with  Accusative 4 

J!  6.  Notable  Instances  of  the  Omission  of  AD  4,    5 

'i,  7.  AD  In  the  Sense  of  APUD 5,    6 

i  S  The  Fondness  of  Petronius  for  "usque  ad' 6 

jig.  AD  Suggesting   Consequence  or  Effect 6,    7 

lio.  The  Tendency  to  Extend  the  Use  of  Prepositions  in  Late  Latin— Examples 

of  AD  Conveying  an  idea  of  Proximity 7 

jn.  The  Gerundive  Construction  with  ad 7,    8 

PART  II-THE   PREPOSITION   CUM. 

i;i2.  f/eneral  Summary;   Use  in  Simplest  Classic  Sense 3 

§13.  An  Instance  of  CUM  Indicating  Notion  of  Disparagement 3 

2.14.  Use  to  Designate  the  Circumstances,  Manner,  etc.,  of  an  Act 3,    9 

5!  15.  The  Attributive  Use  of  cum  with  a  Substantive 9 

J!t6.  Construction  with  cum  in  Place  of  the  Instrumental  Ablative 9,  10 

hi-  Use  Implying  Connection,  Agreement,  etc.,  between  Two  Objects lo,  11 

'i,\Z.  cum  in  Expressions  Involving  the  Idea  of  Strife  or  Difference.. ii 

'i.iq.  CUM  in  Pregnant  Sense  11,  12 

ilzo.  CUM  with  the  Adjective  'Aequa  is  " 12 

;^2s.  CUM  in  Anastrophe 12 

PART  III— THE  PREPOSITION  DE. 

'f.i2.    Statistics;   Use  in  Simplest  Sense  with  Verbs  of  Motion 12,  13 

^23.     Indication  of  Person  or  Place  Whence  Something  is  Removed 13 

'i2^.     Use  in  Reference  to  the  Material  of  Which  a  Thing  is  Made 13 

'i,2$.    Tendency  to  Employ  DB  in  Place  of  Partitive  Genitive 14 

g26.     DK  in  Its  Most  Frequent  Signification;  Cf.  Greek  Trepi 15 

^27.    To  Indicate  Place  From  Which  Motion  Proceeds;  Origin,  Etc 15,  16 

328.     A  Curious  Use  of  de 16 

§29.    Indication  of  Property  From  Which  Cost  of  Some  Object  is  Taken 16 

1130.     The  B^xpression  'dk  more';  Rarity  of  This  U.se  of  The  Preposition j6,  17 

J31.    Some  Ciceronian  Forms  of  Usage  Not  Found  in  Petronius 17 

i 


364G24 


PAGE 

?37.  The  Late  aud  Vulgar  Use  of  de  and  cr.M  With  Accusative  Not  in  Petronius...        17 

§33.  Construction  with  de  in  Place  of  the  Instrumental  Ablative 17 

PART  IV— THE  PREPOSITION  IN. 

^34.  Introduction;  General  Summary  and  Statistics iS 

?35.  The  Use  of  in  in  a  Literal  Sense iS,  19 

?36.  Some  Differences  From  Ciceronian  Usage 20 

§37.  IN  With  Accusative  Case  After  Verbs  of  Motion 20,  21 

gsS.  Use  of  IN  to  Indicate  the  Analogous  Relations  of  the  Place  or  Position  of 

Two  or  More  Objects 21,  22 

S39.  Use  in  Partitive  or  Inclusive  Sense 22 

?40.  IN  With  the  Ablative  as  Indicating  Time  Duration 22 

§41.  IN  in  Reference  to  a  Certain  Condition  or  Situation  of  Some  Object 22,  23 

§42.  Function  of  in  to  Express  an  Aiming  or  Stri%-ing  Toward  Something 23 

§43.  Function  of  in  to  Indicate  Mere  Direction  Towards 23,  24 

I44.  Cases  in  Which  Something  is  Thought  of  as  Entering  the  Mind  or  Feelings  ..        24 

245.  An  Instance  of  in  With  Accusative  Pointing  to  Duration  of  Time 24 

846.  The  Phrase  'in  domusionem',  Etc ; 24 

§47.  The  Use  of  in  in  Adverbial  Expressions 24,25 

§48.  Some  Forms  of  Classic  Usage  Not  Found  in  Petronius 25 

§49.  Some  Forms  of  Late  Usage  Not  Found  in  Petronius 25,  26 

?5o.  Instances  of  IN  With  Accusative  Instead  of  Ablative 26 

251.  Comparatively  Few  Deviations  From  Standard  Latinity 26,  27 

?52.  Further  Comments  on  Passages  Referred  to  in  ?5o... 27 

§53.  Remarks  on  Von  Guericke's  View  of  Certain  Petronian  Expressions 28 

§54.  Use  of  IN  With  the  Ablative  in  the  Sense  of  Greek  «is    28,  29 

§55.  The  Phrases 'IN  PRAESiDio', 'IN  AUxiLio'  29 


856.    IN  With  the  Verb  'durare';  Use  of 'in  publico' 29,  30 

§57.    Use  of  in  With  'demandare';  The  Phrase,  'in  oculis  ferre' 30 

?58.    Comment  on  Petronius,  §52,  No.  i:    'in  argento  studiosus' 30,  31 

CONCLUSION 3,,  32 

VITA 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Anton,  H.  S.,   Studien  zur  Lateinischen    Grammatik  und 

Stilistik;  Erfurt,  1869. 
Bernhardy,  G.,  Grundriss  der  Romischen  Literatur;  Halle, 

1872. 
Bonnet,  M.,  Le  Latin  de  Gregoire  de  Tours;  Paris,  1890. 
Buechler,  F.,  Petronii  Satirae  et  Liber  Priapcorum ;  Ber- 
lin, 1895. 
Burmann,  P.,  Titi  Petronii  Arbitri  Satyricon  Quae  Super- 

sunt;  Ed.  II;  Amsterdam,  1743. 
Cesareo,  I.  A.,  De  Petronii  Sermone;  Rome,  1887. 
Diez,  F.,  Grammaire  des  Langues   Romanes;  traduit  par 

Alfred  Morel-Fatio  et  Gaston  Paris;  Paris,  1876. 
Draeger,  A.,  Historische  Syntax  der  Lateinischen  Sprache; 

2  vols.;  Leipsig,  1878-81. 
Forcellini,  A.,  Totius  Latinitatis  Lexicon';    2  vols.;  Padua, 

1771. 
Friedljinder,  L.,   Petronii  Cena  Trimalchionis    (Anmerk.); 

Leipsig,  1891. 
Georges,  K.  E.,  Ausfuhrliches  Lateinisch-Deutsches  Hand- 

worterbuch;  2  vols.;  Leipsig,  1869. 
Goelzer,  H.,  La  Latinite  de  Saint  Jerome';  Paris,  1884. 
de  Guerle,  Recherches  Sceptiques  sur  le  Satyricon  et  son 

Auteur;  Paris,  1862. 
von  Guericke,  A.,    De   Linguae  Vulgaris    Reliquiis    apud 

Petronium  et  in  Scriptt.  Pariet.  Pompeianis;  Konigs- 

berg,  1875. 
Lindsay,  W.  M.,  The  Latin  Language;  Oxford,  1894. 
Krebs,    J.    P.,     Antibarbarus    der    Lateinischen    Sprache; 

P'rankfurt,   1876. 

1  Also  edited  by  Dr.  F.Corradini;  Padua,  1859-1878. 

2  Cf.also  "Grammaticae  iu  Sulpicium  Severum  Observationes  Potissimum  ad  Vul- 
garem  L,atinum  Sermonem  Pertinentes,"  by  the  same  author;  [Paris,  1883.] 


Ludvvig,  E.,  De  Petronii  Sermone  Plebeio;  Marburg,  1869. 
Madvig,  I.  N.,  Latin  Grammar,  edited  by  Woods;  Oxford, 

1857. 
Meyer-Lubke,  W.,  Grammatik  der  Romanischen  Sprachen ; 

Leipsig,  1890-94. 
Plew,   J.,    De   Diversitate   Auctorum    Historiae   Augustae; 

Konigsberg,  1859. 
Ronsch,  H.,  Itala  und  Vulgata;  Marburg  and  Leipsig;   1875 

and  1889. 
Schmalz,  J.  G.,  Lateinische  Syntax;  in   Iwan   v.    Muller's 

Handbuch    der   Classischen    Altertumsvvissenschaft, 

Band  IP;  Nordlingen,   1885. 
Schiissler,  O.,  De  Praepositionum  AB,  AD,  EX,  apud  Cicero- 

nem  Usu;  Hannover,  1880. 
Segebade,  J.,    Observationes  Grammaticae   et    Criticae  in 

Petronium;  Halle,  1880. 
Stinner,  A.,   De  Eo  Quo    Cicero    in    Epistolis    Usus    Est 

Sermone;  Oppeln,  1879. 
Stolz.F.,  Historische  Grammatik  der  Lateinischen  Sprache; 

Leipsig,  1894. 
Studer;  Rheinisches  Museum  fur  Philologie;  herausgegeben 

von  P\G.Welcker  und  F.  Ritschl;  Zweiter  Jahrgang; 

Frankfurt  am  Main,   1843. 
Teuffel,  W.  S.,  Geschicte  der  Romischen  Literatur;   Leip- 
sig, 1890. 
Wehle,  Observationes  Criticae  in  Petronium;  Bonn,  1861. 
WolfHin,  E.,  Bemerkungen  Uber  das  Vulgarlatein;  Archiv 

fur   Lateinischen  Lexicographic;  Leipsig,  1884-94. 
Zumpt,    K.  G.,    Latin    Grammar;    translated    by    Schmitz; 

London,  1845. 


pp.  286-298  [Praepositioiieu.] 


INTRODUCTION. 

Within  the  past  twenty  years  a  new  interest,  considerably 
more  far-reaching  that  that  which  had  before  existed  among 
scholars,  has  been  aroused  in  what  is  commonly  known  as 
the  Komdin  " Sermo  Plebeius."  Although  the  sources  for  such 
study  are  moderately  abundant  in  such  specimens  of  Latin 
as,  for  example,  the  language  of  the  slaves  in  Plautus,to  say 
nothing  of  the  statements  occasionally  found  in  Roman 
grammarians,  and  in  inscriptions  of  one  sort  or  of  another, 
nevertheless,  as  far  as  the  Roman  novel  is  a  factor,  our  data 
are  extremely  limited  in  scope.  In  fact,  there  are  but  two 
extant  specimens'  in  Latin  of  genuine  prose  fiction.  These 
two  are,  accordingly,  of  peculiar  interest;  and  with  certain 
grammatical  features  of  one  of  them  it  is  the  purpose  of 
the  present  essay  to  deal. 

Into  any  extended  discussion  of  the  much-mooted  ques- 
tion as  to  the  exact  limitations  of  the  Sermo  Plebeius  it  is 
not  my  aim  here  to  enter.  A  considerable  mass  of  material 
in  that  direction  is  accessible  in  the  works  of  Bonnet,  Sittl, 
Wolfflin,  Stolz,  Miodonski,  Cooper,  and  others,  whose  con- 
clusions, though  often  conflicting,  are  of  permanent  interest 
and  value. 

Nor  is  it  my  purpose  to  undertake  a  literary  criticism  of 
the  "Cena  Trimalchionis-,"  so  remarkable  for  its  touches  of 
keen  wit,  and  for  its  many  brilliant  examples  of  repartee  and 
invective,  as  well  as  for  its  display  of  insight  and  unique 
character  delineation.  On  the  other  hand,  what  I  have  set 
myself  to  do  in  the  present  instance  is  a  task  of  a  somewhat 
different  nature.     My  aim  has  been  to  collect  and  examine 

1  The  Satirae  of  Petroiiius,  and  the  Metamorphoses  of  Apuleius. 

2  Of.  Ott.,  Jahrb.  109,  p.  763:  "Kin  sprechender  Beweis  hierfUr  i.st  uns  die  Cena 
Trimalchionis  des  Petronius,  dieses  Kunstreiche  Mosaikbild  des  campanischen 
Dialekts." 


as  carefully  as  possible  certain  definite  facts  of  sj-ntax  as 
exemplified  in  an  unquestionably  important  literary  speci- 
men of  plebeian  Latin;  namely,  the  fragmentary  prose 
work  of  Petronius  Arbiter.  However  long  the  original 
work  of  Petronius  may  have  been,  the  extant  fragments 
are  from  Books  XV  and  XVI,  a  fact  which  suggests  the 
probability  that  the  author  had  at  first  written  a  book  of 
considerable  proportions. 

Of  the  somewhat  less  than  four  thousand  lines  of  literary 
material  attributed  to  Petronius,  there  are  more  than  five 
hundred  in  verse.  The  latter  I  have  included  in  my  general 
summary  of  the  points  under  discussion,  although  it  has 
seemed  best  at  this  time  to  omit  any  detailed  treatment  of 
the  poetic  element,  as  such. 

But  to  proceed  to  the  matter  in  hand.  My  paper  con- 
sists of  four  parts,  each  part  dealing  with  a  single  leading 
preposition,  in  its  simple  use.  Verbs  compounded  with 
prepositions,  although  forming  one  of  the  marked  character- 
istics of  the  Sermo  Plebeitis,  as  Wolffiin  (Philol.  34,  p.  157  f.) 
and  Ronsch  (Itala  und  Vulgata,  p.  474)  have  already  noted, 
I  have  thought  it  advisable  to  omit  in  the  present  paper. 
Moreover,  the  prepositions  are  classified  by  function 
throughout,  and  not  as  they  occur  in  the  order  of  the  nar- 
rative. Idiomatic  and  adverbial  expressions,  except  in 
some  cases  where  the  idiom  does  not  appear  to  affect  to  any 
extent  the  inherent  function  of  the  preposition,  I  have 
grouped  under  distinct  heads,  a  glance  at  which  may  be 
interesting  and  suggestive. 


PART  I— AD. 

§1.  The  preposition  AD  is  found  in  Petronius  237  times', 
and  in  at  least  a  dozen  different  applications.  Out  of  this 
number  I  find  104  cases  in  which  this  preposition  is  used 
with  verbs  of  motion,  or  in  which  the  idea  of  motion  is 
directly  involved.  This  use  of  AD  is  in  most  instances  so 
clearly  marked  and  is  so  well  known  that  little  need  be  said 
of  it  beyond  the  citation  of  the  passages  in  which  it  occurs. 
Doubtful  cases  I  have  treated  separately  in  another  part  of 
this  discussion. 

The  following  are  the  passages  in  which  this  use  of  AD 
is  employed:  §§1,3;  i, 5;  2,10;  2,14;  4,4;  8,4;  10,5;  10,13; 
13,5;  13,12;  15,13;  16,9;  17,22;  22,14;  22,19;  I36,2P; 
37,1;  62,3;  22,21;  24,10;  24,14;  25,1;  26,11;  27,5.  28,2; 
35,15;  36,2;  36,11;  40,21;  41,19;  42,10;  46.5;  52,16; 
137,37;  49,15;  97,20;  52,25;  60,12;  61,20;  63,18;  64,25; 
68,17;  69,14;  73,3;  74,14;  74,24;  74,26;  75,16;  75,20; 
78,11;  79,10;  140,4;  62,15;  81,13;  82,5;  82,12;  87,2; 
89,45-;  89,50-';  90,4;  94,41;  100.3;  101,32;  98,18;  98,50; 
103,9;  105,19;  105,24;  33,13;  72,13;  106,13;  107,31; 
108,27;  109,23;  111,34;  112,12;  113,28;  114,2;  114,10; 
114,28;  115,14;  116,11;  116,13;  117,6;  118,4;  28,14; 
86,9;  118,5;  118,15;  120,87-';  121,121-;  122,147-';  124, 272''; 
127,10;  130,7;  132,1;  132,1;  132,27';  I33-I9';  133,20-'; 
134,15;    136,11;  30,1;  89,36^ 

§2.  My  next  consideration  is  that  of  AD  in  cases  where 
physical  motion  is  neither  directly  expressed  nor  neces- 
sarily implied,  although  frequently  in  such  instances  the 
verb  in  itself  is  one  of  motion.  These  cases  for  the  most 
part  speak  for  themselves',  and  I    append  a  list   as   follows: 


1  Exclusive  of  compounds. 

2  The  passages  marked  2  are  found  in  the  poetic  fragments.      All  references,  un- 
less otherwise  specified,  are  to  Bticheler's  Third  Kdition  (Berlin,  1S95.) 

■7  With  the  exception  of  the  plebeian  tendency,  in  some  of  these  instances,  to  exag- 
gerate the  use  of  the  preposition,  there  is  here  nothing  abnormal  or  unclassjcal. 


2. 

Ad  banc  aetatem  perveni,  §§25,15;  Ad  nos  respexit,  48,3; 
Ad  quern  respiciens,  52,8;  Respiciens  ad  mensam,  60,9; 
Ad  Nicerotem  respexit,  61,2  ;  Ut  respcxi  ad  comitem,  62,7 ; 
Ad  delicias  suas  respexit,  64,14;  Respiciens  ad  familiam, 
74,13;  Ad  parentalia  invitatos,  78,9;  Si  ad  eloquentiam 
pervcnisset,  88,21;  Eumolpus  convertit  ad  novitatem  rei 
mentem,  117,1;  Respiciens  ad  Eumolpon,  96,13;  Ad  ordi- 
nem  tristitiae  redimus,  103,  17;  Ad  inguina  mea  luminibus 
deflexis,  105,26;  Ad  unicum  fugitivi  argumentum  pervenerit, 
105,31;  Revocatae  ad  pacem  manus,  109,2;  Rediit  ad  car- 
mina  sua,  109,28;  Mentes  ad  sanitatem  revocantur,  111,30; 
Ad  summos  honores  perveniunt,  116,19;  Quirites  ad  prae- 
dam.  .suffragia  vertunt,  119,40;  Ad  ultimam  tristitiam  per- 
ductus,24,2;  "Forsitan  rediret  hoc  corpus  ad  vires,"  138,19; 
".  .Invitare  ad  pigiciaca  sacra,"  140,14;  "Fortuna  communis 
coepit  redire  ad  paenitentiam,"  141,3;  "Ad  temeritatem 
confugimus,"  (or,  as  one  might  say:  "We  made  a  bold 
stroke;")    102,2. 

§3,  The  use  of  ad  in  the  adverbial  expression  '■'Ad 
sunimam''  has  been  observed  to  occur  more  frequently  in 
Petronius  than  in  other  authors';  and  it  is,  moreover, 
characteristic  of  a  class  of  formulas  v/hich  seem  to  have 
been  employed  only  in  the  talk  of  the  household-  {Senno 
Familiaris).  This  fact  is  confirmed  by  various  passages  in 
which  the  words  are  found  in  other  Latin  writers.  In 
Petronius  I  find  the  expression  used  fourteen  times ;  ten 
times  in  the  conversation  of  the  freedmen,and  four  times  in 
the  other  parts  of  the  story,  P'urthermore,  in  the  latter 
case  it  appears  always  to  be  found  only  in  those  passages 
in  which  the  hero  Encolpius  either  reports  his  own  words' 
or  the  words  of  another;  it  is  not  found  in  his  own  narrative 
pure  and  simple.  The  expression  is  still  further  observed 
by  Segebade-  to  occur  most  frequently  in  instances  where, 
after  an  enumeration  of  some  circumstances,  the  speech 
passes  over  to  the  most  important  item  of  all,  to  which  a 
special  emphasis  is  thus  given.     Examples  of  this  use  are 

I  Cf.  Studer,  p.  87,  BUcheler;  Symb.  Philol.  Bonnet,  p.  61. 
3  See  Segebade,  "Observationes  in  I'elrouium,"  p.  it. 
3  Cf.  ?2,  t6. 


clearly  seen  in  §§37. i6;  45,34;  58,21;  71,4;  134,20;  140,8. 
A  somewhat  more  marked  use  of  this  formula  is  found  in 
§§38,4;  57,9;  and  105,11.  In  these  cases  the  enumeration 
of  items  or  facts  by  the  speaker  is  intended  rather  to  follow 
than  precede.  In  the  other  passages  in  Petronius  in  which 
the  words  occur,  neither  of  the  foregoing  uses  is  altogether 
apparent  and  clearly  defined.  The  citations  are  as  follows: 
§§2,16;  31,5;  75,21;  77,13.  In  the  first  one  of  these  three 
passages,  the  attention  of  the  reader  is  called  by"  Ad 
stiminam''^  to  the  designation  of  a  notable  circumstance, 
the  expression  thus  running: 

"Eloquentia  stetit  et  obmutuit.  Ad  summam.quis  postea 
Thucydidis,  quis  Hyperidis  ad  famam  processit  ?  "  ' 

Other  passages  illustrating  this  use  with  greater  or  less 
emphasis  are  §§37,16;  31,5-;  57,27;  75.2  i  ;  and  77,13.  So 
much  for  '^Ad  S7itnmavi^'  in  this  survey.  Suffice  it  to  add 
that  the  expression  occurs  nowhere  in  the  poetic  fragments. 

§4.  Turning  now  to  the  matter  of  syntax  development 
in  Petronius  at  the  expense  of  inflectional  forms,  a  marked 
feature  of  the  Sermo  Plebeius,  we  find  in  a  number  of 
instances  the  prepositions  AD,  DE,  and  CUM  taking  the  place 
of  the  ordinary  case-constructions  in  Ciceronian  Latin.  A 
treatment  of  DE  and  CUM  in  this  connection  will  be  found 
in  another  part  of  this  paper,  while  I  wish  here  to  call 
attention  to  some  instances  where  ad  with  the  Accusative 
appears  to  be  used  instead  of  the  simple  Dative  of  classic 
Latin : 

"Ad  neutram  partem  adsensionem  flectentibus,"  §§17,1; 
"Aquam  poposcit  ad  manus,"  27,17;  "Qui  omnia  ad  se 
fecerunt,"  38,23;  "Dispensatorem  ad  bestias^  dedit,"  45,18. 

The  verb  "Defero"  in  classic  writers  is  common  enough 
either  with  the  simple  Dative  of  the  Indirect  Object,  or  with 

1  I  have  followed  the  reading  of  Haase— Misc.  Philol.  Ill,  p  i6  [1861],  and  Biicheler, 
the  former  of  whom,  Segebade  declares,  (p.  11)  is  justified  in  making  the  transposition 
from  the  reading  of  the  earlier  MS.,  which  is:  "qui  postea  ad  summam  Thucydidis." 

2  In  ?3i  Biicheler  has,  with  some  hesitation,  advised  that  the  formula  as  here  found 
should  be  added  to  the  words  of  the  slave.    Segebade,  moreover,  concurs  in  this  opinion . 

3  Cf ,  however,  the  remarks  on  this  passage  on  p.  5  of  this  paper. 


AD  and  the  Accusative.  Petronius,  however,  seems  invari- 
ably to  prefer  the  latter  use,  e.g.: 

"Necamoris  arbitrium  ad  alium  judicem  detuli,"  §§91,19; 
".  .  .  .Quas  etiam  ad  immeritos  deferre  gratia  solet,"  83,24; 
"Si.  .  .  .indicium  ad  amicos  detulerit,"  125,11. 

§5.  There  are  four  instances  in  which  ad  appears  to 
have  the  same  function  as  that  rather  frequently  assumed  by 
the  Greek    Kara    with  the  Accusative,  and  occasionally  by 

Trpo's: 

" .  .  .  .  caryotas  ad  numerum  divisere  cenantibus,"  §§40,22; 
"Ouotidie  me  solebam  ad  ilium  (sc.  candelabrum)  metiri'," 
75,22;  "Extremitates  imaginum  erant  ad  similitudinem 
praecisae,"  83,6;  "....  hominis  vestigium  ad  corporis  mei 
mensuram  figuravi,"  97,15. 

§6.  The  omission  of  certain  prepositions  in  plebeian  Latin 
has  been  shown  by  Von  Guericke-  to  be  not  infrequent.  In 
Petronius  I  have  found  three  instances,  two  of  which  Von 
Guericke  has  also  observed,  in  which  AD  is  omitted  where  in 
Ciceronian  Latin  we  should  certainly  expect  to  find  it 
expressed.  In  the  first  of  the  following  cases  the  words  are 
uttered  by  the  hero,  Encolpius;  in  the  second,  by  the  rag- 
dealer,  Echion ;  and  in  the  third,  by  the  "parvenu" 
Trimalchio: 

(i)  Accedo  aniculam,  §§6,9;  (2)  Africam  ire,  48,8;  [the 
omission  of  either  AD  or  IN]   (3)  Admissus  Caesarem,  51,3. 

In  reference  to  the  latter  passage  Ludwig^  says:  "Non 
dubium  est  quin  ilia  dictio  quae  praeclare  Trimalchionem 
decet  in  ceteris  ejus  vitiis  collocanda."  Cf.  "Thessaliam 
pervenire,"  Apul.  Met.,  i,24;  also  "Missus  Germaniam 
superiorem  translatus  est,"  Spart.  Hadr.  2,5;  and  "Asiam 
venitS"  Gall.  2,5. 

1  Forcellini  gives  a  single  passage  fr.  Juvenal  6,  358:  "Nee  se  metitur  ad  ilium"; 
classic  usage  throughout  presenting  the  standard  of  measurement  iu  Abl.  (i.e.,  w. 
metior). 

2  De  Linguae  Vulgaris  Reliquiis,  etc.,  pp.  54-55. 

3  De  Petronii  Sermone  Plebeio,  p.  34. 

4  This  form  of  usage  has  been  regarded  as  a  tj-pe  of  the  ".Sermo  Rusticus."  See 
Luflwigetal.  Cf,  however,  the  occasional  occurrence  of  this  form  of  usage  in  classic 
writers;  e.g.  Caesar,  Bell.  Gall.,  Ill,  7:  "Illyricum  profectus;"  Id.,  Bell  Civ  111,41: 
"Macedonian  pervenit;"  Liv.  X,  37:  "Ktruriam  transducto  e.vercitu;"  Id.  XXX,  24: 
"Africam  transiturus;"  etc.  Zumpt  (Lat.Gram.;  p.  302,  observes  that  this  construction 
is  rare  in  the  earlier  writers,  but  becomes  somewhat  more  frequent  in  the  later  ones. 


5- 

Moreover,  in  Plautus  there  arc  a  number  of  instances  of 
the  omission'  of  prepositions,  though  in  Terence  this  con- 
struction is  very  rare;  e.  g. :  Plant.  Cure.  206,  339:  "Ire 
Acheruntem;"  Plant.  Poen.  IV,  2,  9:  "Ire  Cariam;" 
Terence,  Eun.  536:  "Malam  rem  hinc  ibis;"  Plant.  Trin. 
639:  "Officio  migrare"  [AB  omitted];  Plant.  Men.  134: 
••Salute"  [CUM  omitted];  Plaut.  Rud.  910:  [CUM  omitted]; 
Plaut.  Merc.  824:  [cUM  omitted];  Plaut.  Trin.  265  :  "Saxo 
salire"  [DE  omitted];  etc. 

§7.  The  use  of  AD  in  the  sense  of  apud,  and  vice  versa, 
has  been  admirably  treated  by  Ronsch',  who  cites  many 
examples  from  vulgar  and  late  Latin,  curiously  introducing 
the  passage  from  Petronius,  §45,20,  which,  I  think,  however, 
need  not  necessarily  be  thus  classified.  In  fact,  Ronsch  has 
apparently  misquoted  this  passage  in  referring  to  it  as  "AD 
bestias  pugnare,"  although  the  sense  may  perhaps  be  con- 
tained in  these  words.  Both  Blicheler  and  Friedlander', 
following  the  MSS.,  read  "Dispensatorem  AD  bestias  dedit," 
and  make  no  allusion  in  their  critical  apparatus  to  any  other 
proposed  reading.  In  the  light  of  the  context,  what  Ronsch 
undoubtedly  means,  and  with  reason,  I  think,  is  that  the 
slave  Glyco  (the  grammatical  subject  of  "dedit")  could  not, 
upon  his  own  responsibility,  give  the  steward  (dispensator) 
to  the  beasts;  he  would  rather  be  obliged  to  hand  him  over 
to  the  master  (Titus  noster),  who  would  then  "pit  him  with" 
the  beasts.  Although  this  use  of  AD  is  most  frequent  in 
plebeian  and  in  late  Latin,  it  is  by  no  means  wanting  in 
classic  prose.*  Plautus,  moreover,  has  a  number  of  inter- 
esting examples;  e.g.  Capt.  Prol.49:  "Ad  patrem  manere"; 
Id.  Capt.  695,  and  Aul.  Ill,  2,  25:  "Ad  patrem  esse";  Id. 
Asin.  825:  "Ad  amicum  potare";  also  Ter.  Heauton.  979: 
"Ad  sororem  esse";  etc.  Cf.  also,  in  late  usage,  Turp.  172: 
"Mansiones  ad  amicam";  and  Spartian.    Hadr.   13;    Sever. 

I  Due  allowance  must,  of  course,  be  made  for  metrical  considerations, 
s'ltala  uud  Vulgata,  pp.  390-392. 

3  See  Blicheler  (Ed.  Ill)  p.  30;  also  Friedliinder,  p.  iii. 

4  E-  g-  Cic.  Att.  X,  4:   "Fuit  AD  me  sane  diu,"  etc. 


^g.  Pescenu-  5;  Capitol.  Anton.  P.;;  Anton.  Phil.  27; 
Pertin.  3;  Clod.  Alb.  6;  Opil.  Macr.  4;  Gordian.  5;  etc. 

§8.  The  fondness  of  Petronius  for  the  combination 
USQUE  AD  carrying  with  it,  as  in  other  writers,  the  idea  of 
extent,  is  a  marked  feature  not  only  of  the  Cena  Trimal- 
chionis,  but  also  of  the  other  portions  of  the  narrative. 
There  are  twelve'  cases,  as  follows : 

".  ,  .  .non  potuerunt  usque  ad  senectutem  canescere,"§§2,i9; 
".  .  .  .fruorque  votis  usque  ad  invidiam  felicibus,"  11,3; 
"...  .manibus  usque  ad  articulorum  strepitum  constrictis," 
17,6;  "...  .qui  me  usque  ad  necessitatem  mortis  deducit," 
17,19;  "Ascyltos  cum.  .  .  .usque  ad  lacrimas  rideret,"  57,2; 
"...  .usque  ad  os  molestus  umor  accidere  (sc.  coepit), "60,16; 
"....diduxit  usque  ad  cameram  os  ebrium,"  73,10; 
"...  .mutemus  colores  a  capillis  usque  ad  ungues,"  102,37; 
"...  .quae.  ..  .usque  ad  furorem  averteretur,"  110,18; 
"Supercilia  usque  ad  malarum  scripturam  currentia,"  126,34; 
"...  ante  hunc  diem  usque  ad  mortem  deliqui,"  130,3; 
"...  .usque  ad  satietatem  osculis  fruor,"    131,32. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing  cases  of  this  usage  I  find 
two  instances  where  AD  is  used  without  USQUE,  yet  where 
practically  the  same  sense  seems  to  be  contained:  §§2,17: 
"....quis  Hyperidis  ad  famam  processit?"  71,11:".... 
totum  a  primo  ad  ultimum  ingenescente  familia  recitavit." 
In  either  of  these  examples  Petronius  might  have 
employed  USQUE  with  entire  consistency,  and  we  should  not 
have  been  surprised  had  he  done  so. 

§9.  The  use  of  AD  suggesting  the  notion  of  consequence 
or  effect  I  have  observed  in  the  following  eight  passages: 

§§14,21:  "Cociones  qui  ad  clamorem  confluxerant"; 
27,15:  "Ad  quod  signum  matellam  spado ...  .subjecit"; 
41,14:  "Ad  quem  sonum  conversus  Trimalchio,"  etc.; 
45,34:  "Thraex,  qui  et  ipse  ad-  dictata  pugnavit";  86,4: 
"Ad    hoc    votum    ephebus    ultro    se    admovit";     103,14: 


1  I  have  found  one  instance  of  "USQUE  /A'"  in  the  same  sense,  viz.:  ?i73,3: 
"USQUE  IN  injuriam  vigilavit?  "  Possibly  in  this  instance,  as  Professor  Sihler  of  New 
York  has  suggested,  the  occurrence  of  the  preposition  may  be  owing  to  dittography. 

2  In  the  light  of  the  context  in  this  passage,  I  believe  the  meaning  to  be  that  even 
[et]  the  gladiator  fought  only  as  he  was  ursed  on  bv  the  spectators.  The  meaning, 
however,  may  be  that  he  fought  accompanied  by  words  which  he  himself  uttered.  But 
in  either  case  the  force  of  the  preposition  would  be  unaltered. 


"Notavit  sibi  ad  lunam  tonsorem  intempestivo  inhacrentem 
ministerio";      104,12:  "Illi  qui   sunt,   qui   nocte  ad   lunam. 
radebantur,"  etc.;  98,15:  "Ad  quern  motum  Eumolpus  con- 
versus,"  etc. 

§10.  The  tendency  in  ante-I  ladrian  Latin,  as  in  the 
later  form  of  the  language,  to  extend  the  use  of  many  of 
the  prepositions,  is  in  a  number  of  instances  rather  strongly 
marked  in  Petronius,  and  is  referred  to  from  time  to  time 
in  this  paper.  Let  us  now  turn  again  to  AD  and  briefly  sur- 
vey the  cases  in  which  this  preposition  is  employed  convey- 
ing merely  the  idea  of  proximity.  I  have  classified  these 
as  follows : 

§§14,12:  "Nihil  ad  manum  erat";  29,2:  "Ad  sinistram 
enim  .  .  .  .  canis  ingens,  catena  vinctus,  in  pariete  erat  pictus," 
etc.;  44,10:  "Tunc  habitabat  ad  arcum  veterem.  .  .  .piper"; 
46,9:  "Habebis  ad  latus  servulum";  49,8  :  "Cum  constitisset 
ad  mensam  cocus  tristis";  58,1:  "Giton, qui  ad  pedes  stabat, 
risum.  .  .  .effudit";  61,18:  "Huius  contubernalis  ad  villam' 
supremum  diem  obiit";  64,12:  "Appositaque  ad  os  manu 
nescio  quid  taetrum  exsibilavit";  64,36:  "Trimalchio .  .  .  . 
jussit  potiones  dividi  omnibus  servis,  qui  ad  pedes  sede- 
bant",  etc.;  70,10:  "....qui  rixam  ad  lacum  fecissent"; 
71,30:  "Ad  dexteram  meam  ponas  statuam  Fortunatae 
meae",  etc.;  77,14:  "Et  habet  ad  mare  paternum  hospitium"; 
83,22:  "Is  ergo  ad  latus  constitit  meum";  94,30:  "Et  iam 
semicinctio  lecti  stantis  ad  parietem  spondam  vinxeram",etc. 
§11.  Examples  of  the  Gerundive  construction  with  AD 
are  be  no  means  wanting  in  Petronius;  and  in  all  I  have 
found  eight  cases  of  this  usage: 

"Ad  scindendum  aprum  non  ille  Carpus  accessit",  §§40,1 3  ; 
"...  .Capuam  exierat  ad  scita  expedienda",  62,1; 
"Intorto.  .  . -pallio    composui    ad    proeliandum^     Simple 

gradum",  80,7;   " Contentus  .  .  .  .  annis    adV     Qg^^j^j^ 

patiendum  gestientibus",  87,15;  _         ) 

"Procurrere  piscatores.  .  .  .ad  praedam  rapiendam",  114,36; 

I  Of.  a  similar  use  of  "Ad  villam"  in  Plin.  Ep.  H,  i,  3-    For  remarks  on  the  use  of 
AD  in  the  sense  of  apud,  see  p.  5  et  sq. 

N.  B  A  curious  and,  I  think,  unique  use  of  ad  occurs  in  §109,17:  ''Epulae  ad  certa- 
men  prolatae."  In  this  passage  "ad  certamen"  ^PPf^rs  to  be  used  similarly  to  the 
adverb  "certatim-  in  meaning,  although,  as  Kelly  has  remarked  [■  Propertius 
l-etronius.-etc.,  London,  i8-,4]  (p.  3'^>  A'./.),  some  o  the  English  and  the  > re  ich 
translators  have  understood  the  words  "Ad  certamen"  to  mean  'to  the  field  of  battle. 
But  I  believe  the  latter  to  be  a  misconstruction  of  the  thought  and  sense. 


"Oculos  ad  arcessendos  sensus  longius  mittit",  115,45; 
."Ad  reficiendum  ignem  in  viciniam  cucurrit",  136,9;  "In 
templum  ire  ad  vota  nucupanda",  140,12. 


PART  II— CUM. 

§12.  The  use  of  this  preposition  in  its  simple  form  in 
Petronius  is  confined  to  eighty-six  cases,  in  seventeen  of 
which  I  find  the  word  employed  in  its  simplest  classic'  sense: 

§§14,15;  16,6;  22,11;  28,13;  30,3;  31,22;  33,9;  49,22; 
51.3;  56,17;  56,21;  97,2;  97,16;  99,18;  117,40;  136,32; 
137,11. 

In  addition  to  these  cases  there  occurs  one  instance-  of 
this  usage  in  the  poetry  of  Petronius,  and  here  it  is  interest- 
ing to  note  that  the  preposition  falls  between  the  noun  and 
its  adjective.  Moreover,  I  find  only  three^*  parallels  to  this 
order  of  words  throughout  the  work,  and  these  are  confined 
exclusively  to  the  poetic  passages. 

§13.  A  single  instance  in  which  CUM  is  undoubtedly 
used  as  in  Terence,  Eun.^  4,3,9,  ^^^  occasionally  elsewhere 
in  classic  writers,  appears  in  Petronius,  §90,6,  where  the 
hero  Encolpius,  in  a  moment  of  utter  displeasure  says  to 
the  frightened  Eumolpus:  "Quid  tibi  vis  cum  isto  morbo?  " 
or  as  we  might  say  in  the  vernacular:  "What  do  you  mean 
by  this  cursed  disease  of  yours?"  The  tone  is  obviously 
one  of  disparagement. 

§14.  To  proceed  further  with  our  inquiry,  by  way  of 
comparison  with  classical  usage,  into  Petronius'  use  of  CUM, 
it  is  worth  while  to  consider  the  passages  in  which  this 
preposition  is  used,  as  in  Caesar'  and  Cicero,®  to  designate 

1  E.  g.  "Vixi  cum  Pansa  in  Pompeiano."    Cic. 

2  In  the  mock-heroic  passage,  §123,238. 

3  ??i22,ii;3,  "Summo  de  vertice";  123,203,  "Magnam  in  hastam";  127.27,  "Idaeo  de 
vertice".  This  position  of  the  preposition  is  not  uncommon  in  Cic.  and  the  best  clas- 
sical writers.    E.  g.  Cic.  Brut.  §79  (fin.);  Id.  Inv.  1,28,41;  2,11,37;  et  al. 

4  " in'  hinc,  quo  dignus,  cum  donis  tuis  tam  lepidis." 

5  E.g.  B.  G.  1,20:  "Multis  cum  lacrimis  aliquem  obsecrare. " 

6  Verr.  2,1,24,  I63:  "Cum  magna  calamitate  et  prope  pernicie  civitatis." 


9- 

the  circumstances,  manner,'  or  relations  with  which  an  act 
is  connected,  or  by  which  it  is  accompanied.  The  classical 
and  the  plebeian  forms  of  expression  are,  in  this  usage, 
essentially  identical. 

§§29,7:  "Venalicium  cum'  titulis  pictum";  31,16:  "Asellus 
erat  Corinthius  cum  bisaccio  positus";  33,4:  "Sequebatur 
puer  cum  tabula  terebinthina";  34,9:  "Intraverunt  duo 
Aethiopes.  .  .  .cum  pusillis  utribus";  40,4:  "In  quibus .  .  .  . 
erant  (sc.  picti)  subsessores  cum  venabulis";  40,17:  "Parati 
aucupes  cum  harundinibus  fuerunt";  49,1 :  "Repositorium 
cum  sue  ingenti  mensam  occupavit";  53,15:  "....quibus 
Trimalchio  cum  elogio  exheredabatur"  54,8:  "Fortunata 
crinibus  passis  cum  scypho.  .  .proclamavit";  60,10:  "Repos- 
itorium cum'  placentis  aliquot  erat  positum";  65;! 2: 
"Habinnam.  .  .cum  admiratione  ingenti  spectabam";  99,17: 
"Eumolpus.  .  .mercennarium.  .  .exire  cum  sarcinis  jubet"; 
114,19:  "...  .cum  clamore  flevi";  122,155  (poetry):  "Intcn- 
tans  cum  voce  manus  ad  sidera  dixit";  137,33:  "Nuces  cum 
precatione  mersit  in  vinum";  138,12:  "Chrysis ...  .cum 
periculo  capitis  persequi  destinat";  92,18:  "Frequentia 
ingens  circumvenit  cum  plausu  et  admiratione." 

§15.  The  attributive  use  of  CUM  with  a  substantive,  as 
in  Livy*  II,  52,7,  and  elsewhere  in  the  classic  writers,!  have 
found  in  Petronius  in  the  three  passages  which  follow : 

§§28,14:  "In  cuius  poste  libellus  erat  cum  hac  inscrip- 
tione  fixus";  34,16:  "Quarum  in  cervicibus  pittacia  erant 
affixa  cum  hoc  titulo";  35,12:  "Caespes  cum  herbis  excisus 
favum  sustinebat." 

§16.  The  ordinary  instrumental  ablative  in  classic  usage 
appears  in  Petronius,  in  one  or  two  instances,  to  give  way 
to  the  prepositional  form  of  expression,  which  in  this  con- 
nection has  been  observed  by  the  grammarians  to  be  con- 
fined mainly  to  the  ante-classical,  the  poetic,  or  the  scientific 

1  There  are  some  cases  where  the  Ciceronian  Ablative  of  Instrument  or  Means  is 
supplanted  in  Petronius  by  cum  with  the  Abl.  These  instances  will  be  found  in 
another  part  of  this  discussion. 

2  In  this  passage  cum  is  wanting  iu  the  MSS.  See  Bucheler  (Tert.  Ed.,  Berlin. 
1895),  p.  20. 

3  The  usage  in  Petr.,?i,io,  may  be  included  in  this  list,  rather  than  in  the  pregnant 
sense,  to  which  I  have  called  attention  in  another  part  of  this  paper:  "Piratas  cum 
catenis  in  litore  stantes,"  etc. 

4  " et  huic  proelium  cum  Tuscis  ad  Janiculum  erat  crimini." 


lO. 

writers'.  But  even  in  these  cases,  I  think,  the  simple 
notion  of  attendance  or  accompaniment  is  often  somewhat 
distinctly  felt,  as  in  the  second  of  these  examples: 

(i)  "Aggrediuntur  nos  furentes  nautae  cum  funibus", 
§105,15;  (2)  "Infecta  materies  ibat  cum  fluctibus",  §114,35. 

N.  B.  In  reference  to  the  late  use  of  CUM  with  the 
Ablative  in  place  of  the  Ablative  of  Instrument,  so  called, 
Bonnet  has  an  interesting  passage  in  his  "La  Latinit^  de 
Gregoire  de  Tours',"  as  follows: 

"Parmi  les  fonctions  que  cette  preposition  remplit,  il  en 
est  deux  surtout  qui  ont  de  I'importance.  C'est  d'  abord 
CUM  avec  I'ablatif  remplacant  I'ablatif  instrumental  d'une 
maniere  plus  general  qu'  a  I'epoque  classique;  puis  CUM 
joint  aux  noms  des  personnes,  de  fagon  a  se  rapprocher 
beaucoup  de  APUD,  sans  qu'  on  puisse  dire  cependant  que 
I'un  soit  mis  a  dessein  pour  I'autre",  etc. 

Moreover,  P.  Geyer  in  a  suggestive  article^  on  this  sub- 
ject, observes:  "Les  Gaulois  emploient  volontiers  APUD 
pour  cum";  and  Bonnet*  adds:  "Mais  cela  n'arrive  pas  a 
Gregoire." 

N.  B.  The  use  of  CUM  as  in  Cicero,  De  Orat.,  1,2,8: 
"....banc  rationem  dicendi  cum  imperatoris  laude  com- 
parare",  does  not  appear  in  Petronius. 

§17.  Petronius'  employment  of  CUM,  as  in  a  familiar 
passage  from  Caesar,'^  implying  connection,  agreement,  or 
union  between  two  objects,  is  seen  in  the  words  which  I 
quote  from  §94,12:  "Raram  fecit  mixturam  cum  sapientia 
forma",  an  exact  parallel  to  which  I  do  not  find  elsewhere 
in  this  author.  Moreover,  the  use  of  CUM  conveying  the 
idea  of  an  intimate  association  or  companionship,  at  times 
coupled,  as  in  §44,20,  with  that  of  sharing  some  object  with 
another,  is  rather  marked  in  Petronius,  and  is  of  course  com- 

1  E  g.  Lucil.  ap.  Non.  p.  261,6:  "acribus  inter  se  cum  annis  confligere."  Cf.  also 
Claud.  Quadrig.  ap.  Cell.  9,13,10,  etc. 

2  p.  603. 

3  Archiv  f.  I,at.  t,ex.  II,  p.  25  et  sq. 

4  Ibid. 

5  "Cum  veteribus  copiis  se  conjungere",  Bell.  Gall.  I.,  37. 


II. 

man  enough  in  Ciceronian'  usage.  The  passages  are  self- 
explanatory : 

"Aediles.  .  .  .qui  cum  pistoribus  colludunt",  §§44,5  :  "Ami- 
cus  .  .  .  .cum  quo  audacter  posses  in  tenebris  micare",  44,12; 
"Panem .  .  .  .non  potuisses  cum  altero  devorare",  44,20; 
"Cura  vicensimariis  magnam  mantissam  habet",  65,21; 
"Intrat  Eumolpus  cum  Gitone",  94,31;  "Doctores.  .  .  .qui 
necesse  habent  cum  insanientibus  furere",  3,6;  "Sicdividere 
cum  fratre  nolito",  11,10;  "Rusticus.  .  .  .cum  mulicrcula 
comite  propius  accessit",  12,8;  "Quae.  .  .  .cum  Ouartilla  in 
cellam  venerat  nostram",  25,6;  "Nam  ct  infans  cum  paribus 
inclinata  sum",  25,13;  "Filiamque.  .  .  .cum  fratre  ephebo 
.  .  .  .reliquit",  140,11;  "Ut  veterem  cum  Gitone  meo 
rationem  reducerem",  10,18;  "Videor  mihi  cum-  illo  loqui", 
42,6;  "Dum  Eumolpus  cum'  Bargate  in  secreto  loquitur", 
97,1;  "Quod.  .  .  .cum''  ea  parte  corporis  verba  contulerim", 
132,40;  "Nihil  est  commodius  quam  semper  cum'  sapientia 
loqui",  140,41. 

§18.  Turning  to  the  use  of  CUM  in  expressions  involv- 
ing the  idea  of  strife*  or  difference,  we  meet  with  six  char- 
acteristic passages,  which  I  have  thus  tabulated: 

§§9,17:  "Cum.  .  .  .muliere  pugnasti";  19,13:  (i)  "Ut 
....ipse  cum  Quartilla  consisterem;  19,14:  (2)  Ascyltus 
cum  ancilla;  19,14:  (3)  Giton  cum  virgine";  [sc.  "si  depug- 
nandum  foret."]  105,1:  "Nisi  cum  pelago  ventus  irascitur"; 
132,46:  "Quid?  non  et  Ulixes  cum  corde  litigat  suo?" 

§19.  In  spite  of  the  fondness  of  Petronius  for  an  exces- 
sive'use  of  prepositions,  from  the  classical"  point  of  view, 
the  occurrence  of  CUM  in  a  pregnant  sense  is  with  this 
author  comparatively  rare.  I  have  noted  the  following  ex- 
pressions of  this  idea: 

1  E  g-  Cic.  Oflf.  I,  17,51:  "Nulla  (sc.  societas)  cavior  quam  ea  quae  cum  republica  est 
unicuique  nostrum",  etc.,  etc. 

2  This  use  in  ^42, 6  is  like  Caesar's  "cum  aliquo  agere",  B.  G.  I.,  13;  and  elsewhere, 
as  in  Cic.  de  Or.  1,13,57;  "Haec  ego  cum  ipsis  philosophis  disserebam." 

3  A  curious  phrase— I  find  no  parallel  in  classical  usage. 

4  Cf.  Caesar,  B.  G.  I.,  i:  " quibuscum  contiuenter  helium  gerunt  ";  Val-Max. 

4,1,12:  "cum  Scipionedisseutire",  etc. 

5  I  have  tabulated  more  than  joo  instances  of  the  preposition  IN;  q.  v. 

6  Cf.  Cic.  Verr.   Actio  I,  8.22:  " fiscos  cum  pecunia  Siciliensi";    also   Id.  Tusc. 

Disp.  5,23,65:  "Immissi  cum  falcibus";  et  Id  Att.  6,9:  "Te  Roman  venisse  cum  febri"; 
et  Liv.  30,24:  "Onerariae  naves  cum  commeatu",  etc.  This  usage  is  found  all  the  way 
from  a  fragment  of  Eunius  quoted  by  Cic.  De  Sen.  I,  i  ["Ille  vir  hand  magn.T  cum  re, 
sed  plenu'  fidei"]  down  to  the  time  of  Suetonius  (e.  g.  Tib.  j;[2),  and  later. 


12. 

§§28, lo:  "Symphoniacus  cum  minimis  tibiis  accessit"; 
95,1:  "Deversitor  cum  parte  cenulae  intervenit";  114,17: 
"Tryphaenam  .  .  .  .scaphae  impositam  cum  maxima  sarcin- 
arum  parte,"  etc;  141,1:  "Navis .  .  .  .cum  pecunia  tua  et 
familia  non  venit". 

§20.  In  conclusion,  it  may  be  well  to  glance  at  the  sin- 
gle instance  which  I  have  found  of  the  use  of  this  preposi- 
tion with  the  adjective  "Aequalis,"  describing  the  relation 
of  two  subjects  to  a  common  object.  In  Cicero  we  find 
"Idem"  in  this  construction,  which,  by  the  way,  never  has 
reference  to  the  identity'  of  two  subjects,  as  the  lexicograph- 
ers have  observed.  In  this  connection  cf.  Cic.  de  Or.  2,33, 
144:  "Tibi  mecum  in  eodem  est  pistrino  vivendum",  et  al. 
The  passage  to  which  I  refer  in  Petronius  is  in  §108,4:  "Et 
deformis  praeter  spoliati  capitis  dedecus  superciliorum  etiam 
aequalis  cum  fronte  c^lvities." 

§21.  Lastly,  the  anastrophical  occurrence  of  CUM,  marked 
solely  by  its  use  as  enclitic  to  the  personal  pronouns  of  the 
1st  and  3d  Pers.  Sing.,  and  of  the  1st  and  2d  Pers.  Plu.,  is 
seen  in  the  following  eleven  instances: 

MECUM:     §§62,3;    99,3;    76,26;    87,5;    109,25. 

SECUM-  (Sing,  only):  §§43,20;  43,25. 

NOBISCUM:    §101,12. 

VOBISCUM:    §§16,9;    18,10. 


PART  III  — DE. 

§22.  Having  now  made  some  examination  into  the  uses 
of  AD  and  CUM  in  Petronius,  let  us  pass  to  a  consideration 
of  the  preposition  DE  as  it  is  found  in  this  author.  In  the 
first  place,  of  the  total  number  of  passages  in  which  the 
word  occurs,  about  one  seventh  are  instances  of  its  use  as  in 

1  Of.  Krebs,  AnUbarb.  p.  53S. 

2  SEcnM  occurs  once  in  the  poetry:  ^123, 231;  and  here,  as  in  the  other  instances,  iu 
the  Singular,    tecum  and  quibuscum  I  do  not  find  in  this  author. 

It  is  interesting  to  compare  Bonnet's  statement  (La  LatinitC  de  GrC-goire  de  Tours, 
p.  603):  "Gregoire  dit  //tecum,  le.uin,  etc.,  niais  non  guibuscuiit." 


13- 

Cacs.  B.  G.  I.,  31,10:  "...  .De  altera  parte  agri  Sequanos 
decedere  juberet";  i.  e.  in  its  simplest  sense  with  verbs  of 
motion.  I  have  collated  the  examples  of  this  usage  as 
follows:  §§9,15;  38,25';  41,23;  56,12;  58,25;  59,2';  92,13 
(bis);  95,11;   117,20;   134,21. 

§23.  A  slightly  different  and  somewhat  more  frequent 
use  of  DE  in  Petronius  is  to  indicate  the  person  or  place 
from  which  something  is  removed  or  taken,  whether  this  be 
material  or  ideal':  §§11,9;  18,4;  20,9;  37,6;  43,4;  45,35; 
46,10;  51,6;  69,10;  73,13;  74,28;  76,20^^;  95,19;  110,4; 
131,8;  135,11.  In  these  passages  the  plebeian  usage  is 
essentially  in  accord  with  the  Ciceronian,  and  seems  to  call 
for  no  special  comment. 

§24.  The  next  usage  in  the  order  of  frequent  occurrence 
in  Petronius  is  that  of  DE  introducing  the  material  of  which 
a  thing  is  made,  there  being  thirteen  cases,  viz.: 

"Videt  manuciolum  de  stramentis  factum",  §§63,19; 
"Habuimus.  .  .et  panem  autopyrum  de'  suo  sibi.  .  . ",  66,6; 
"Quicquid  videtis .  .  .  .de  uno  corpore  est  factum",  69,24; 
"Omnia  ista  de  fimo''  facta  sunt  aut  certe  de  luto",  69,26; 
"Ista  cocus  mens  de  porco  fecit",  70,2;  "Volueris,  de  vulva 
faciet  piscem",  70,3;  "De  lardo  palumbum,  de  perna  tur- 
turem,  de  colaepio  gallinam  (sc.  faciet  cocus  mens)",  70,4; 
"Qui  de  porco  anserem  fecerat",  70,29;  "De  una  die  duas 
facere,  nihil  malo",  72,8;  "Qui  paulo  ante  de  porco  aves 
piscesque  fecerat",  74,10;  "Ne  viderer  de  nave  carcerem 
facere",  105,7. 


1  In  this  passage  the  phrase  de  medio  is  used  in  a  somewhat  idiomatic  way, 
although  the  force  of  the  preposition  is  in  no  sense  abnormal. 

Note:  In  338,25  the  phrase  is:  "Aniici  de  medio,"  i.  e.,  as  we  should  say,  "Good  bye 
to  friends."  In  (*5g,2  we  read:  "Scordalias  de  medio,"  an  expression,  as  ihe  context 
shows,  uttered  in  a  moment  of  excitement  by  the  parvenu  Trimalchio,  to  the  effect 
that  there  shall  be  "no  more  wrangling." 

2  Cf.  Cic.  de  Orat.  3,33,133:  "Hoc  audivi  de  patre",  etc. 

3  In  ^76, 20  occurs  the  expression  "manom  de  t.ibula,"  which  Friedliinder  (p.  317, 
Anmerk. )  compares  with  Cic.  Fam.  VII,  25:  "Sed  heus  tu,  manum  de  tabula,  magister 
citius  adest  quam  putaramus";  and  I'liu.  XXV,  80:  "Quod  scilicet  manum  de  tabula 
sciret  tollere." 

4  Cf.  the  passages  from  Cicero,  cited  by  Friedlunder,  p.  2g8,  Anmerkungen  (Petr. 
CenaTrimal.,  I.eipsig,  1891):  "Ueber  diese  der  lateinischen  Volkssprache  eigne  Ver- 
bindung  (auch  bei  Cic.  Verr.  -!,82,  Phil.  2,96,  Att.  VII,  11,1)  vgl.  Reisig-Haase,  Anm.  387 
(Ausg.  V.  Schmalz  u.  Landgraf  III,  142  f.;. 

5  I  have  here  followed  the  standard  text  of  BUcheler's  3d  edition.  The  MSS.  read 
"defacta"  and  "defuncta"  respectively,  the  latter  reading  being  in  H  [Codex 
Traguriensis]  Cf.  Bucheler,  p.  47;  al.so  Friedliinder,  Petr.  Cen.  Trim.,  p.  172. 


14- 

§25-  Relative  to  the  further  use  of  DE  in  Petronius,  as 
in  other  plebeian  writers,  one  cannot  go  far  in  his  inquiry 
without  observing  the  tendency  to  employ  DE  where  he 
would  ordinarily  look  for  a  Partitive  Genitive  in  classic  lan- 
guage. In  fact,  both  Roensch  and  Diez  have  shown  that 
this  usage  became  more  and  more  common  during  the  de- 
clining' periods  of  the  language,  finally  appearing  in  its  well 
known  form  in  French,  as  well  as  in  the  other  languages  of 
the  Romance  group.     In   Petronius  I   find  these  instances: 

§§44, 18:  "Nomina  omnia  reddcre,tanquam  unusde  nobis"; 
58,24:  "Qui  dc-  nobis  longe  venio,  late  venio?";  58,25: 
"Qui  de  nobis  currit .  .  .  , ;  qui  de  nobis  crescit",  etc.;  66,9 : 
"De  scriblita  quidem  non  minimum'  edi";  26,22:  "Ut.  .  .  . 
sciat,  quantum  de  vita  perdiderit";  66,14:  "De  quo  cum 
imprudens  Scintilla  gustasset";  75,26:  "Quia  non  sum  de 
gloriosis";  ii5,26:"De  tam  magna  nave  ne  tabulam.... 
habes";   115,42:  "Ne  quid  de  nobis  relinquat  sepultura". 

In  connection  with  the  foregoing  facts  of  Petronian  usage, 
it  is  interesting  to  bear  in  mind  that  in  the  best  writers  of 
the  classical  period  this  latter  use  of  DE  in  place  of  the  Par- 
titive Genitive  occurs  mainly  either  to  avoid  ambiguity 
where  genitives  would  be  multiplied,  or  for  greater  pre- 
cision^  In  the  first  instance  cf  Cic.  Cat.  2,1,12:  "Ut  ali- 
quem  partem  de  istius  impudentia  reticere  possim";  in  the 
second,  cf.  Cic.  Tusc.  4,7,16:  "Si  quae  sunt  de  eodem 
genere";  also  Id.  Phil.  2,27,65:  "Persona  de  mimo";  and, 
in  fact,  in  a  considerable  number  of  other  passages  in 
Cicero  do  we  find  this  usage;  e.  g.  Att.  8,12:  "Plominem 
certum  misi  de'  comitibus  meis";  and  Mil.  24,65:  "Gladio 
percussus  ab  uno  de''  illis",  etc. 

1  See  also  many  examples  cited  bv  Bonnet,  pp.  610-613  [La  Latinit.6  de  GrC-goire  de 
ToursJ;  and  H.  Goelzer  [La  LatinitiS  de  Saint  J6r6me],  p.  342. 

2  I  have  followed  Bilcheler'.s  emendation,  which  seems  to  be  reasonable;  first,  in 
view  of  the  MS  reading,  which  is  hardl3'  translatable:  quidkm  vobis;  and  secondly, 
in  view  of  the  line  following,  where  de  is  thus  used,  evidently  in  a  continuation  of  tht^ 
preceding  thought. 

3  Cf.  also,  266, 10:  "De  melle  me  usque  tetigi";  and  3,y^^ty.  "Labra  de  luceriia 
unguebam." 

4  Vid   Freund,  Le.v.  p.  513. 

5  Cf.  Al.so  this  use  of  he  in  late  Latin;  ?.  g.  Luc.  16,17:  "Quam  de  lege  f =toC  vomou) 
unum  apiceni  cadere."  Call.  Rehd.  Amiat.  Vulg.;  also  "Gratuitum  de  deo  (-rov@€ov) 
munus",  Cypriun  ad  Donai.  13:  etc. 


§26.  Let  us  next  turn  to  the  most  common  sif^mification 
of  DE  in  extant'  Latin,  comparable  in  this  sense  with  the 
Greek  Trept,  and  consider  its  use  in  Petronius.  At  the  out- 
set, I  may  say  that  I  have  found  this  usage  proportionately 
less  frequent  than  several  of  the  earlier  ones,  this  being  due, 
doubtless,  to  an  extended  use  in  Plebeian  Latin  of  this 
preposition  in  other  senses,  rather  than  to  a  loss  in  this 
sense.     The  instances  follow  : 

§§'3,6:  "...  .rediisse  ad  nosthesaurum  de  quo  quercbar,'; 
17,18:  "Sed  de  remcdio  non  tam  valde  laboro";  18,11: 
<'Si  non  admissetis  de  hac  medicina";  35,14:  "De  Laser- 
piciario  mimo  canticum  extorsit";  43,6:  "De  re  tamen  ego 
verum  dicam";  46,19:  "Volo  ilium.  .  .  .aliquid  de-  jure  gus- 
tare";  48,20:  "Numquid  duodecim  acrumnas  Herculis  tenes, 
aut  de  Qlixe  fabulam?"  62,29:  "Viderint  alii  quid  de  hoc 
exopinissent";  85,5:  "Quotiescumque .  .  dc  usu  formosorum 
mentio  facta  est";  141,16:  "De  stomachi  tui  rocusatione  non 
habeo  quod  timeam". 

^2/.  Passing  now  to  another  fact  of  Petronian  usage,  I 
have  found  some  half-dozen  or  more  cases  in  which  DE  is 
used  to  indicate  the  place  from  v.-hich  motion  proceeds,  or 
from  which  something  is  brought  or  has  its  origin,  as  in 
Plaut.  Asin.,  2,2,10:  "De  tergo  plagas  dare",  etc,  ;  and  in 
a  large  number  of  passages  from  Cicero'  and  other  writers 
of  the  classical  period: 

§§30,6:  "Lucerna  bilychnis  de  camera  pendebat";  38,13: 
"De  nihilo  crevit*" ;  60,5  :  "  .  .  .  Quid  novi  de  caelo  nuntiare- 
tur";  60,6:  "Circulus  ingens  de  cupa.  .  .  .demittitur";  67,21  : 
"Quae  de  cervice  sua  capsellam  detraxit";  70,27:  "Paene 
de  lectis  dejecti  sumus";  74,8:  "De  vicinia  gallus  allatus  est". 

The  three  remaining  instances  of  this  usage  occur  in  the 

T  E.g.  Cic  Lael.  i,i:  "Multa  narrare  de  Laelio";  Id.  Fam.  3,10,15:  "Dubitare  de 
re";  etc  ,  etc. 

2  The  use  of  de  in  this  passage  may,  perhaps  equally  well,  fall  into  the  classifica- 
tion described  in  the  vreceding  paragraph;  i.e.  the  use  of  de  in  place  of  the  more 
common  Partitive  Genitive. 

3  E.  g.  "Haec  agebantur  in  conventu,  palam,  de  sella  ac  de  loco  superiore".  Cic. 
Verr.,  2,4,40;  cf  also  Id.  lb.  2,2,38;    et  lb.  2,5,7:    "Quern  ....  de  tribunali  citari  jussit,"  etc'. 

4  Cf.  Mt.  3,g:  "De  (  =  «)  lapidibus  i.stis  sascitare";  Gall.  Aniiat.Vulg.  19,12:  "De  (  =  «<c) 
utero  matris  nati  sunt  sic",  etc.  Cf.  also  Aug.  Civ.  XX,  4:  "Testimonia  prius  elige  ida 
sunt  de  libris  instrument!  novi,  postea  de  veteris".  Other  examples  are  to  be  found  in 
Spartian,  Get.  5;  Capitol.  Macrin.  it?;  Lampr.  Heliog.  1923,24:  Gallien.  16;  Vopisc 
Aurel.  35,49;  Treb.  Poll.  Ciaud.  14.     See  Rousch,  pp.  395,  396. 


i6. 

poetic  fragments,  viz.:  (i)  "Idaeo  quales  fudit  dc  verticc 
flores  terra  parens.  .  .,"  §127,27;  (2)  "Haec  ubi  personuit, 
de  caelo  Delphicus  ales  omina  laeta  dedit,"  etc.,  §122,177; 
(3)  "Hinc  moUi  stillae  lacus  et  de  caudice  lento  vimineae 
lances",  etc.,  §135,26. 

§28.  Before  concluding  this  brief  sketch  of  DE,  as  it 
occurs  in  our  author,  mention  should  be  made  of  the  few 
remaining  cases.  In  §45,31  occur  the  words,  "Occidit  de' 
lucerna  equites,"  where  the  force  of  the  preposition  is  vir- 
tually the  same  as  in  Cic.  Att.,  4,3,4:  "In  comitium  Milo  de 
nocte  venit";  ct  Id.  Mur.,  9,22:  "Vigilas  tu  de-  nocte";  and 
Caes.  B.  G.  VII,  45:  "Caesar  mittit  complures  equitum 
turmas  eo  de  media  nocte",  etc. 

§29.  Another  use  of  DE,  though  rare  in  Petronius, 
appears  in  §75,9  and  in  §77,2,  the  function  of  the  preposi- 
tion in  these  instances  obviously  being  to  indicate  the  prop- 
erty from  which  the  cost  of  some  object  is  taken:  "Archisel- 
lium  de  suo  paravit  et  duas  trullas"  (75,9),  and  ''Tu  dominam 
tuam  de  rebus  illis  fecisti"  (77,2).  Examples  of  this  usage 
I  have  found  to  be  fairly  common  in  Cicero,  Livy  and 
Suetonius',  and,  I  doubt  not,  in  other  authors  as  well. 
Cicero,  Ad.  Quint,  Fratr.,  1,3,7  says:  "Cum  de  visceribus 
tuis  satisfacturus  sis  quibus  debes";  and  in  Att.,  16,16,  as 
in  A.  5,  the  same  writer  uses  "de  suo"  exactly  as  it  appears 
in  the  first  example  from  Petronius  which  I  have  cited 
above. 

§30.  Finally,  in  §14,22,  may  be  found  the  only  parallel, 
I  think,  to  the  use  of  DE  in  Cic.  Cael.  29:  "De  suorum 
propinquorum  sententia  atque  auctoritate  fecisse  dicatur"; 
et  Id.  Verr.,  2,5,21:  "De  consilii  sententia  Mamertinis  se 
frumentum    non    imperare    pronunciat",    etc.*       Petronius 

1  My  first  impression  led  me  to  explain  this  use  of  de  as  I  have  here  classified  it. 
A  better  understanding  of  the  passage,  however,  has  since  convinced  me  that  the 
preposition  points,  figuratively,  to  the  <7»-/^/«  of  the  equites;  i.e.  the  latter  were  "mere 
ghosts"  of  horsemen. 

2  Cf  also  Cic.  ad  Quint.  Kratr.,  2,1  (end):  "Navigare  de  mense  Decembri":  and 
Suetonius,  Ve^p.  ?2i:  "De  nocte  evigilabat";  etc. 

3  e.  g.  Liv.  vr,  15,10;  Suet.  Caes.  gig;  etc. 

4  Cf.  also  Cic.  -Att.  4.2.4:  "Vix  de  mea  voluntatc  concessum  est";  and  Virg.  Aen., 
XI,  14,2:  "De  more  vetusto";  and  Ovid,  Met.,  7,io5;  etc. 


17- 

says:  "Nostram  scilicet  de  more  ridebant  invidiam",  or,  as 
the  Greek  might  say :  Kara  rov  rpo-n-ov,  or  some  similar 
expression. 

§31.  It  seems  appropriate  at  this  point  to  state  that  I 
have  found  three  facts  of  Ciceronian  usage  in  regard  to  DE 
which  are  not,  to  my  knowledge,  exemplified  in  Petronius. 
For  example,  in  Cic.  Att.,  12,3,  we  read:  "Velim  scire 
hodierne  statim  de  auctione  aut  quo  die  venias",  where  the 
preposition  clearly  has  its  rare  signification  of  "directly' 
after."  Then  again  in  Cic.  Att.  7,7,3,  and  frequently  else- 
where, DEis  used  to  indicate  the  producing  cause  or  reason; 
viz.:  "Nam  id  nisi  gravi  de  causa  fecisset",  etc.  The  other 
form  of  usage  is  DE  with  adjectives  to  form  adverbial 
expressions-'. 

§32.  The  tendency  in  late  and  vulgar  Latin  to  employ 
both  DE  and  CUM  with  the  Accusative  case,  does  not  appear 
in  Petronius.  A  very  interesting  collection  of  examples  of 
this  form  of  usage  has  been  made  by  Ronsch,-  who  points 
out,  among  others,  the  following  instances:  "De  Johannem 
testimonium  dicit",  Cod.  Rehd.  Capit.  Luc.  VI;  also  Sulp. 
Sev.  Ep.  Ill,  4:  "de  obitum"  (Cod.  Veron.);  and  "de 
modum",  Gromat.  Vett.  p.  6,16;  and  "cum  officiales",  Gest. 
purgat.  Felic.  p.  84,  u.  87  (ap.  Baluz.  II);  and  "Sic  te  egisse 
cum  filium  tuum",  Gest.  purgat.  Caecilian.  ib.  p.  98;  etc. 

§33.  Another  form  of  expression,  found  occasionally  in 
classic^  poetry,  but  more  especially  in  the  African  writers 
and  in  ecclesiastical  Latin,  namely,  the  u.se  of  DE  instead  of 
the  simple  Instrumental  Ablative,  I  have  not  discovered  in 
this  author.  Cf.  Apul.  Met.  53 :  "De  latronis  huius  sanguine 


1  There  are  three  interesting  examples  of  this  usage  in  Lucr.,  VI,  290:  "Quodecon- 

cussu";  I,  384:  '-De  coucursu";  et  Id.,  V,  651:  "De  longo  cursu  sol ".     Liv.  5,48,  has: 

"Diemde  die",  etc.  Cf.  also  Vulg.  Psa.,  60,8,  and  other  passages  in  ecclesiastical  Latin. 
In  reference  to  the  use  of  de  in  the  sense  of  "after,"  Munro  (ad  Lucr.,  Vol.  II,  p.  63)  has 
observed  that  Faber  quotes  Plaut.,  Most.  697:  "Non  bonust  somnus  de  prandio";  and 
Verg.  Aen.,  II,  662:  "Jamque  aderit  multo  Priami  de  sanguine  Pyrrhus." 

2  This  usage  is  frequent  both  in  Caesar  and  in  Cicero;  e.  g.  "De  improvise"  occurs 
in  Caes.  B.G.,  2,3;  5.22;  5,39;  etsaep.;  and  in  Cic.  Rose.  Am,,  52,151,  et  saep.  Cf.  also 
"De  transverso",  Cic.  Att.,  15,4  (end);  etc.,  etc. 

3  PP-  409-410- 

4  e.  g.  Terence,  Adel.,  I,  2,33:  "Ne  me  obtundas  de  hac  re  saepius". 


1 8. 

legibus  vestris.  .  .  .litate";  Id.  189:  "Verberoni  sua  placuit 
salus  de  mea  morte";  cf.  also  Hildebrand  ad  Apul.  Met.'; 
also  "De  tessella  sua  recludis",  Apic.  4,5;  "Eas  de  hoc  jure 
perfundis .  .  ,  .  de  sabano  calido  involves  gruem"  (Cod. Vatic.) 
Id.  6,2;  "De  fustibus  caesus",  Amm.  Marc.  29,3;  and  "Quid 
potestas  Martia  de  habitu  prudentiae  valeat",  Id.  31,5;  and 
other  examples  which  might  be  cited. 


PART  IV— IN. 


§34.  We  have  now  considered,  more  or  less  fully,  some 
of  the  central  facts  of  Petronian  usage  in  the  employment 
of  three  leading  prepositions,  and  in  doing  this  we  have 
noted  the  essential  points  of  coincidence,  or  of  divergence, 
between  this  usage  and  that  of  the  classical  or  Ciceronian 
period.  Let  us  turn,  then,  to  an  examination  of  the  prepo- 
sition IN. 

In  the  first  place,  one  may  be  somewhat  surprised,  upon 
investigation,  to  find  that  there  are  more  than  five  hundred- 
instances  of  this  word  in  a  narrative  of  scarcely  four 
thousand'  lines.  Perhaps  this  is  not  an  abnormal  propor- 
tion; yet  it  exceeds  that  of  AD  by  nearly  100%  !  Further- 
more, I  have  observed  that  about  three  fourths  of  the 
various  forms  of  usage  in  which  the  preposition  IN  plays  a 
part  in  classic  Latin  are  represented,  more  or  less  distinctly, 
in  the  writings  of  Petronius.  These,  as  well  as  those  forms 
which  are  not  so  represented,  I  shall  try  to  indicate  in  the 
course  of  this  discussion,  at  the  same  time  noting,  as  far  as 
possible,  any  instances  of  plebeian  usage. 

§35.  I  pass,  then,  to  the  details  of  the  subject-matter. 
In  Petronius,  as  in  Latin  literature  generally,  the  two  by 
far  most  common   functions  of  the   preposition  IN  are  seen 

1  pp.  164  and  229. 

2  These  figures  include  the  poetic  passages.  The  latter,  however,  are  not  included 
in  the  detailed  examiuatiou  of  the  syntax.  To  speak  exactly,  there  are  in  all  534 
instances  of  this  preposition  in  Petronius,  41  of  which  occur  in  poetry. 


(i)  in  a  literal  sense  (cf.  Eng.  "within"),  as  in  Cic.  Tusc. 
1,9,19:  "Alii  in  corde,  alii  in  cerebro  dixcrunt  animi  esse 
sedem  et  locum",  etc.;  and  (2)  with  verbs  of  motion.  The 
passages  included  in  the  former  of  these  classes  are  the  fol- 
lowing: §§i,8;  2,1;  3,1;  3,2;  3,7;  4,12  (bis);  6,2  (bis); 
7,10;  7,12;  9,18;  12,1';  12,5;  12,12;  17,18;  17,20;  19,5, 
21,14-';  21,19;  24,7;  24,16;  25,17';  26,21;  27,8;  28,4^; 
28,8;  28,17;  28,18;  29,10;  29,14;  29,15  (bis);  29,17;  29,19; 
30,1;  30,19;  30,21;  31, 19'' (bis);  33,9;  34,10;  35,3;  35.8;  35,9; 
35,12;  36,4;  36,7;  37.14;  37.15;  38,29;  39.5;  39.19  (bis); 
39, io«;  39,29;  39,31;  40,8;  43,18;  43,23;  44,13  (bis);  44.^5; 
45,1  i;47,i4^47;i8;  47,23;  48,4;  48,21;  50,3:52,6;  31.20; 

53.8;  53,16;  53,20;  53,23;    56>i3;  57,10;   57,17;   57,25; 

57,32;  58,27;  61,3;  61,11;  62,8;  62,25;  64,23;  66,2; 
66,4;  66,11;  66,19;  66,21;  70,20;  71,4;  71,17';  71,27''; 
71,34;  72,12;  73,4;  73.5;  73,21'";  74.6;  74.31;  76,1;  76.14; 
77,11;  80,25;  81,2;  81,10;  81,16;  83,12  (bis);  90,1;  91,9; 
91.15;  94,3;  94,35;  97,1";  97.4,  98,23;  99.4'';  99.10;  100,4; 
102,14;  104,4;  104,5;  105,2;  105,5;  106,8;  106,17;  108,15; 
109,15;  111,6;  i]i,i3'';  111,17;  115,16;  116,11;  116,14"; 
116,15;  116,22";  117,25;  125,4;  129,3;  129,21  (bis);  132,31; 
132,44;  135,11;   140,7;   140,9;  141,5- 

1  "In  quo  (sc.  foro)  notavimus  frequentiam",  etc. 

2  "In  qua  (sc.  cella)  tres  lecti  strati  sunt",  etc. 

3  "In  secreto";  cf.  ggy.i  and  8129, 3;  cf.  also  Livy,  XXVI,  19,5;  and  Curt.  10,4,29. 

4  "In  conspectu",  as  in  ?in,4;  cf  Cic.  Fam.  1,7,5.  The  latter  writer,  however 
(Verr.  2,5,66,  ^170:  "In  conspectu  legum  libertatisque  moriatur"),  uses  this  expres- 
sion of  inanimate  as  well  as  of  animate  objects.  Petronius  employs  it  in  reference 
to  animate  objects  only.    A.  O. 

5  " olivas  in  altera  parte  albas,  in  altera  nigras";  cf  ?27,8:  "In  diversa  parte 

circuli  stabant." 

6  "In  quo  (sc.  caelo)  duodccim  dii  habitant." 

7  "Anathymiasis   ....in  toto  corpore  fluctura  facit." 

8  "Ut  sint  in  fronte  (sc.  statuae  meae)  pedes  centum",  etc. 

9  "In  publico";  cf.  §100,4;  see  also  remarks  on  pp.  29-30  (?56,  fin.)  of  this  paper. 

10  See  note  on  "In  conspectu"  (Note  4  above).    The  same  words  occur  here. 

11  See  note  on  §25,17  (Note  3,  above). 

12  " neque  enim  in  aniantium  esse  potestate  furiosam  aemulationeni." 

13  "Una  igitur  in  tota  civitate  fabula  erat." 

14  " quoscunque  homines  in  hac  urbe  videritis",  etc. 

15  "In  quibus  (sc.  campis)  nihil  aliud  est  nisi  cadavera,  quae  lacerantur",  etc 


20. 

§: 

have  tabulated,  the  language  of  Petronius  is  fully  in  accord 
with  the  laws  of  Ciceronian  usage.  There  are,  however, 
some  cases  in  which  differences  exist,  and  it  is  to  these  that 
I  now  wish  to  call  attention.  In  §19,5  we  read:  "Vetui.  .  .  , 
in  hoc  deversorio  quemquam  mortalium  admitti",  where  the 
Accusative  case  with  AD  or  IN  after  <'admittere"  would 
almost  instinctively  be  looked  for.  Here,  as  in  other  in- 
stances which  I  shall  have  occasion  to  point  out  later,  a 
glimpse  may  be  had  of  the  gradual  confusion  between  the 
cases,  which  arose  in  the  popular  speech,  and  which  is  at 
times  marked  by  an  indifferent  use  of  IN  with  the  Accusa- 
tive or  Ablative. 

An  interesting  parallel  to  the  passage  just  cited  occurs  in 
§26,25,  the  MS.  reading  of  which  is:  "Gitona.  .  .  .jubemus 
IN  BALNEO^  SEQUi",  emended  unnecessarily,  it  seems  to 
me,  by  Blicheler",  who  reads  "IN  BALNEA  SEQUi",  a  combi- 
nation doubtless  more  euphonious  and  grammatically 
correct,  on  the  basis  of  the  highest  literary  standard. 
But,  as  Ludwig^  has  rightly  shown,  certain  deviations 
in  syntax  from  that  standard  not  only  occur  in  the  Sermo 
Plebeius,  but  in  many  instances  may  be  more  or  less  clearly 
defined. 

§37.  A  second  use  oi  IN,  equally  frequent  in  Petronius, 
is  the  ordinary  classic  construction  with  the  Accusative  case 
after  verbs  of  motion,  viz: 

§§1,7  (bis);  4,5;  6,3;  7,4;  7,8;  7,9;  8,6;  9,2;  9,8;  11, i; 
12,1(1);  15,16;  15,18;  16,11;  18,9';  21,14(1);  21,18'; 
22,1;    24,15;    25,6;    26,5;    27,11;    59,11;    31,8;  33,2;  33,18; 

1  It  is  interesting  to  compare  with  this  passage  the  MS.  reading  of  §73,16:  "In  solo 
descendimus,"  which  we  again  find  emended  by  Blicheler  (p.  49)  to  read  "In  solium", 
etc.  Scheffer  has  "In  solio",  etc.,  which  I  belie%-e  to  be  nearer  the  correct  reading.  Cf. 
Friedliinder,  p.  184.  Note  also  the  phrases  "In  praesidio  dare,"  Hygin.  f.  52;  "In  con- 
cilio  adducere",  f.  92;  etc. 

2  "Petronii  Satirae  (iii  EJd.),  p.  19  (Berlin,  1895);  cf.  Friedliinder,  p.  72  (Leipsig,  iSgi). 

3  "De  Petronii  Sermone  Plebeio,"  p.  36  (Marburg,  1869). 

4  "In  risura  mota  (sc.  mulier);  cf.  ?io,5:  "In  risuni  diffusi";  also  cf.  ?i8,iS:  "In  taii- 
tum  repente  risum  effusa  est";  and  249,18;  "Relaxato  in  hilaritatem  vultu." 

5  'Cum  laberemur  in  somnum";  i.e.  Figurative  motion.  Cf.  the  same  e.Kpression 
in  §22.1  and  in  387,15;  also  "In  soporem  labentis,"  §100,19;  "In  somnum  decidi,"  §87,20. 


34.11';  37,7;  37,17;  38.5^;  4i>8;  41,23:  41,25;  42,9;  42,17; 
44,33;  47,14(1);  47,19;  47,32;  48,1;  50,12;  51,4;  53,4; 
53,6;  57, 13';  57,29;  58,14*;  58,29;  62,12;  62,24;  63,16; 
65,8;  65,15;  67,3;  69,12;  70,22;  71,24;  72,6;  72,14;  72,16; 
72,18;  73,18;  74,4;  74,10;  74,30;  74,37;  75,6;  76,22;  78,2; 
78,12;  79,23;  80,21;  82,2'';  83,1;  83,15;  83,16;  85,1;  85,9; 
85,11;  86,19;  87,3;  87,15";  87,20";  88,20;  91,10;  91,26;  92,5; 
92,8;  95,6;  96,10;  99,4(1);  100,19";  101,10;  101,24;  102,3; 
102,20;  102,24;  102,53:  103,16;  105,3;  105,36;  107,3; 
107,21;  107,30;  108,38;  109,25;  110,2;  111,5;  111,22; 
111,26;  112,15;  112,29;  H3>5;  113.25;  114,14;  115,8; 
115,31;  116,2;  125,9;  126,21;  126,26;  128,13;  129,4; 
131,2;  131,12;  131,31;  134,6;  134,15;  135,4;  135,17; 
136,2;  136,10;  136,27;  137,5;  137.34  (bis);  138,22;  140,12; 
140,43;   140,45- 

§38.  As  might  naturally  be  expected  in  a  survey  of  this 
kind,  I  have  drawn  a  distinction  between  the  use  of  in  in 
what  may  be  called  its  literal"  sense  and  its  use  as  indicat- 
ing the  analogous  relation  of  the  place  or  position  of  two  or 
more  objects;  a  very  frequent  form  of  usage,  of  course,  in 
classical  as  well  as  in  plebeian  Latin.  Of  the  many 
examples  from  Cicero,  the  following  will  serve  as  a  model, 
by  way  of  comparison:  "Ipse  coronam  habebat  unam  in 
capite,  alteram  in  collo,"  Cic.  Verr.,  2,5,11,  §27;  ".  .  .sedere 
in  equo,"  lb.,  2,5,10.  From  Petronius  I  have  collated  in 
all    55    instances  of  this  usage,  indicating  in  footnotes  or 

1  An  odd  usage  of  in:  "Vinumque  dedere  in  nianus."  Cf.  357,13.  N.B. — Aueut  the 
expression  "dare  in  manus,"  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  in  Cicero  we  find  "sumere  in 
manus,"  and  in  Livy  "tradere"  used  in  the  same  way;  but  not  "dare,"  I  believe.  Cf. 
lyiv.,  5,27,3:  "Falerios  se  in  manus  Ronianis  tradidisse";  cf.  also  "Alicui  rem  in  manum 
tradere,"  I<iv.,  1,54,10;  26,12,11.    See  Ballas,  Die  Phraseologie  des  I,ivius,  p.  23. 

2  After  he  had  bought  rams  from  Tareutum,  the  narrative  says,  Trimalchio  "testi- 
culavit  in  gregem,"  which  appears  to  be  a  unique  expression.  Cf.  Fest.,  p.  366,  MUU.: 
"Testiculari  est  jumentis  maribus  feminas  vel  mares  feminis  admovere,  licet  alii  dicant 
testilari."  In  other  words,  Trimalchio  wished  to  improve  the  breed  of  his  domestic 
livestock. 

3  "Me  dedi  in  servitutem";  cf.  ^34,11  and  Note. 

4  "In  rutae  folium  conjecero."    The  same  expression  occurs  in  337,17;  q.v. 

5  "In  publicum  prosilio,"  as  in  395,6:  "Fugere  in  publicum  voluistis." 

6  See  note  on  321,18. 

7  See  Part  IV  (p.  t3)  of  this  discussion. 


22. 

Otherwise    any    passages    which    seem    to    call    for    special 
comment: 

§§i,io;  3,13;  9,1;  20,4;  22,7;  26,15;  28,14;  28,16;  29,4; 
30,3;  30,5;  30,8;  32,1;  32,6;  34,16;  38,12;  40,4;  47,11; 
57,22  (bis);  59,8;  59,18;  62,26;  63,5;  67,9  (bis);  67,11; 
70,11;  70,17;  71,26;  74,39;  77,18;  79,13;  85.5;  85,12;  86,15; 
88,11;  97,7;  99,15;  107,14;  111,13(1);  113,9;  126,22; 
127,34;  128,25;  133,6;  134,2;  134,3;  135,6;  136,33;  137,10; 
137,36;   140,19  and  20;    141,28. 

§39.  Continuing  our  survey  of  IN  with  the  Ablative  case 
in  Petronius  we  find  but  a  half-dozen  instances  of  its  use 
as  in  Cic.  Leg.,  2,11,26,  et  Id.  Fam.,  13,78,2,  where  the 
preposition  clearly  has  a  partitive  or  inclusive  signification, 
viz.:  (i)  "Thales  qui  sapientissimus  in  septem  fuit,"  or  (2) 
"Peto  ut  eum  complectare,  diligas,  in  tuis  habeas,"  etc. 
Petronius  has  the  passages  following: 

§§26,9:  ".  .  .in  primis'  Quartillaper  rimam  .  .  .  applicuerat 
oculum";  57,35:  "Quid  nunc  stupes  tanquam  hircus  in 
ervilia";  71,38:  "Cum  posset  in  onmibus  decuriis  Romae 
esse.  .  .";  82,9:  "In  exercitu  vestro  phaecasiati  milites  am- 
bulant";  126,16:  "Et  in  extrema  plebe  quaeritquod  diligat". 

§40.  The  indication  of  time  duration  by  IN  and  the 
Ablative  is  another  interesting  form  of  usage',  seven 
examples  of  which  I  have  found  in  Petronius: 

§§3,5:  "Nimirum  in   his'^  exercitationibus    doctores    pec- 
cant"; 4,13:  "Quod.  .  .  .turpius   est,   in   senectute  confiteri 
non  vult";  31,10:  "In   hoc^   tam  molesto  tacebant  officio" 
44,24:  "Plus  in   die   nummorum  accipit  quam  alter";  45,7 
"Habituri    sumus   munus    excellente   in   triduo   die   festa" 
62,15:  "Gladium    tamen    strinxi,    et    in    tota    via    umbras 
cecidi";   141,25:  "Nee  quicquam  in   hac  epulatione  capta- 
bant, .  ..." 

§41.  Furthermore,  I  have  observed  in  Petronius  some 
twenty  odd  instances  in  which  IN  is  used  in  reference  to  a 


1  Of.  the  frequent  use  of  the  adverbial  "imprimis"  in  classic  I.atin;  e.g.  Nepos, 
Att.,  13,1;  also  in  Cic,  Sail.,  etc.    I  have  failed  to  find  "imprimis"  iu  Petronius. 

2  Of.  Sail.,  Cat    48,5:  "In  tali  tempore";  also  Cic.  Brut.,  43  (fin.):  "In  qua  aetate 
";  also  Id.  Verr.,  2,3,91:  "Nihil  in  vita  se  simile  fecisse,"  etc. 

3  i.e.  During  the  time  of  performance. 


23- 

certain  condition  or  situation  in  which  some  person  or  thing 
is  placed;  cf.  Caes.,  Bell.  Civ.  III.  31:  "Summa  in  solici- 
tudine  ac  timore  Parthici  belli,"  etc.;  and  Cic,  Cat.,  2,8,18: 
"...  .qui  magno  in  acre  alieno  majores  etiam  possessiones 
habent,"  etc.  It  may  be  added  that  this  use  of  in  is  fre- 
quent throughout  the  whole  range  of  classic  prose,  both 
ante-  and  post-Augustan'.  The  examples  from  Petronius- 
follow : 

§§43.6;  55, i;  59.4;  61,20;  63,8^;  66,13;  83,11;  98,8;  98,25; 
98,26;  101,26;  108,1;  111,27;  115.4;  116,22(1);  129,8; 
139,15;   141,25  (I). 

§42,  Of  the  use  of  in  with  the  Accusative  case  to  denote 
the  simple  limit  of  motion,  I  have  already  spoken.  Let  us 
now  turn  to  its  employment  in  other  relations,  noting  first 
the  following  instances  which  I  have  grouped  together,  and 
in  which  the  function  of  the  preposition  may  be  conceived  as 
indicating  an  "aiming  at"  or  a  "striving  towards"  something; 
cf.  Cic.  Off,  1,9,28:  "Id  quod  apud  Platonem  est  in  phil- 
osophos  dictum.  .  .,"  etc.,  etc.  Petronius,  for  the  most  part, 
follows  classic  usage  in  this  mode  of  expression: 

§§46, 11^  48,24;  50,13';  39.10^' (2);  58,3;  77,3;  90,1; 
94,33;  95.18;  96,11;  99.19;  105,35;  108,7';  108,13;  109,27; 
110,7;  110,16;  114.38';  130,5';  132,49;  136,13;  140,31'; 
I4i,f. 

§43.  A  familiar  passage  from  Caes.,  Bell.  Gall.^  leads 
me,  at  this  point,  to  speak  of  the  use  of  in  as  an  indication 

1  cf.  Georges'  Ivexikon  der  Lateinischen  Wortformen,  p.  343;  also  Freund, 
Lex.  s.  IN. 

2  Exclusive  of  this  usage  in  the  poetic  passages;  e.g.  gi4,ioand  gss.zS. 

■?  "Cum uos  in  tristimouiuessemus";  elsewhere  "tristimonia"  appears  to  be  used. 

4  "In  aves  morbosus,"  i.e.  passionately  fond  of  birds.  A  curious  expression.  Cf. 
"In  argento  studiosus,"  §52,1.  See  p.  31  of  this  paper.  The  words  are  here  put  into 
the  mouth  of  the  orator,  Agamemnon,  by  the  rag-dealer,  Echion. 

5  In  the  passages  marked  5,  the  preposition  is  used  to  denote  rather  the  result  of 
an  act  or  effort,  or  to  express  some  change  of  one  object  into  another. 

6  "In  haec  facinora  quaere  supplicium,"  etc. 

7  "Qui  me  restituerunt  in  integrum".  Perhaps  in  this  instance  the  preposition 
with  its  following  adjective  may  be  taken  in  an  adverbial  sense;  cf.  especially  th  s 
usage  in  "Silver"  Latin;  e.g.  Tac.  G.  5:  "In  universum"  (i.e.  "in  general");  and  Plin., 
16,40,79,  §217:  "In  plenum"  (i.e.  "fully"!,  etc.     See  p.  24  of  this  survey. 

8  "Belgae  spectant  in  septentriones  et  orienteni  solem";  cf.  also  Tac,  .^gr.  to: 
"In  orientem  Germaniae,  in  occidentem  Hispaniae  obtenditur,  Gallis  in  meridiem 
inspicitur." 


24. 

of  mere  direction  "towards,"  of  which  Petronius  has  the 
following  six  cases: 

§§9,ii:  "Intentavi  in  oculos  Ascylti  manus,"  etc.;  34,23: 
"Ut  articuli  ejus.  .  .  .in  omnem  partem  flecterentur";  70,14: 
<'Intentavimus  oculos  in  proeliantes";  110,21:  "Conversis 
igitur  omnium  in  se  vultibus,"  etc.;  115,21:  "Cum  inviola- 
tum  OS  fluctus  convertit  in  terram";  140,39 :  "Quod  nun- 
quam  in  tabernam  conspexerat". 

§44.  Again,  there  are  some  six  or  seven  passages  which 
may  be  compared  with  Cic.,Fam.  7,3:  "In  mentem  venire"; 
or  with  Liv.,  27,9:  "In  animum  inducere";  i.e.  cases  in 
which  something  is  thought  of  as  entering  the  mind  or 
feelings : 

§§10,7:  "Rursus  in  memoriam  revocatus,"  etc.;  41,2:  "In 
multas  cogitationes  deductus sum";  53,11  :"Ideo  in  rationem 
nondum  venerunt";  53,13  :  "In  rationes  meas  inferri  vetuo"; 
81,4:  "Redeunte  in  animum  solitudine";  1 13,6:  "Non  dubie 
redierat  in  animum  Hedyle". 

§45.  I  have  found  a  single  instance  in  Petronius  in  which 
IN  is  used  exactly  as  in  Horace,  Ep.  I,  18';  cf.  also  Cic, 
Fam.  5,15,1:  "Nisi  id  verbum  in  omne  tempus  perdidissem". 
The  passage  to  which  I  refer  is  §73,24:  "Itaque  tengomenas 
faciamus  et  usque  in  lucem  cenemus,"  where  the  preposi- 
tion clearly  points  to  time-duration. 

§46.  The  expression  "In  domusionem  tamen  literas 
didici"  occurs  in  §48,10,  where  the  meaning  of  the  preposi- 
tional phrase  appears  to  be  precisely  the  same  as  in  §46,19. 
In  the  latter  passage,  however,  AD  is  used  ("Ad  domusionem 
aliquid  de  jure  gustare").  This  employment  of  IN  by 
Petronius,  in  reference  to  some  object  in  view,  with  the  sug- 
gestion of  motive',  finds  its  only  parallel  in  this  author  in 
§69,8:  "Et  ideo  me  in  vilicationem  relegavit,"  where  the 
boasting  Trimalchio  speaks  of  his  former  master's  having 
commissioned  him  to  be  bailiff,  etc. 

§47.     There  are  some  three  or  four  instances  where  IN 

1  "Dormiet  in  lucem." 

2  Cf.  Cic,  Fam.  13,1,16;  also  Virg.  Aeii.  II,  347:  "Quos  ardere  in  proelia  vidi";  and 
Livy,  XXI,  45,4:  "Certa  praeiuia  quorum  in  spem  pugnarent";   etc. 


25- 

is  used  to  form  adverbial  expressions,  a  type  of  usage  not 
uncommon  in  classic  Latin,  and  especially  among  writers  of 
the  so-called  Silver'  period: 

§§i8,i2:  "Jam  parata  in  crastinum'  erat  turba";  33,10: 
"Gallina  lignea  patentibus  in  orbem''  alis";  50,15:  "Sic 
Corinthia  nata  sunt,  ex  omnibus  in  unum";  86,14:  "Deinde 
in  unum  omnia  vota  conjunxi". 

§48.  In  conclusion,  mention  should  be  made  of  certain 
uses  of  IN  which  do  not  appear  in  Petronius,  but  which  are 
more  or  less  frequent  in  Cicero  and  other  classic  writers. 
First,  "In  tempore,"  i.e.  "at  the  right  or  proper  time,"  as  in 
Livy,  33,5':  "Ni  pedites  equitesque  in  tempore  subvenis- 
sent";  secondly,  "In  praesentia,"  and  "In  praesenti,"  i.e. 
"now,"  "at  present,"  "under  these  circumstances,"  etc., 
as  in  Cic.  Tusc,  1,8,14:  "Sic  enim  mihi  in  praesentia 
occurrit";  and  Livy,  21,37:  "Id  quod  unum  maxime  in 
praesentia  deslderabatur,"  etc.;  thirdly,  the  use  of  IN  with 
Gerunds  and  Fut.  Pass.  Participles,  to  indicate  duration  of 
time;  e.g.  Cic.  Off.,  1,3,9:  "Fit  ut  distrahatur  in  deliber- 
ando  animus,"  etc.;  fourthly,  the  use  of  IN  with  the  Ablative 
of  adjectives  in  conjunction  with  the  verbs  "esse"  and 
"habere"  to  express  quality;  e.  g.  Cic.  Fam.,  15,16,3:  "In 
integro  esse";  also  Livy,  39,37,14:  "I  i  aequo  esse";  et  Id., 
3,8,9:  "Cum  exitus  hand  in  facili  (=faciles)  essent,"  etc.  It 
is  noticeable  that  this  form  of  usage  is  confined  mostly  to 
adjectives  of  the  first  and  second  declensions. 

§49.  Lastly,  the  use  of  IN  in  the  phrase  "In  rem  esse," 
(i.  e.  "to  be  useful,"  "to  avail,"  etc.),  which  is  found  in 
Sallust\  Livy  and  Virgil,  and  perhaps  in  other  classic 
writers,  does  not  appear  in  Petronius.  Nor  do  we  find  in 
this  author,  as  far  as  I  have  observed,  any  instances  of  the 

1  e.  g.  Tac.  Germ.,  5:  "In  iniiversum"  (  =  in  general);  and  Plin.,  16,40,79,  §217:  "In 
plenum"  {  =  fully),  etc. 

2  The  expression  "In  crastinum"  occurs  at  least  twice  in  Plautus,  viz.:  Pseud.  5,2,55 
("In  crastinum  vos  vocabo"),  and  Cas.,  3,5,60. 

3  This  use  of  "In  orbem"  I  have  found  also  in  3102,49;  "Numquid  et  crura  in 
orbem  pandere  ? " 

4  I  have  also  found  examples  of  this  use  in  Terence  and  in  Tacitus;  cf.  also  Lucre- 
tius, Bk.  I,  1037.  Cicero,  however,  employs  simply  "tempore,"  without  the  preposition. 

5  e,  g.  "In  rem  fore  credens  universes  adpellare,"  etc..  Sail.  Cat.,  20, t. 


26. 

late  use  of  IN  with  the  Ablative  in  place  of'  the  simple 
Ablative  of  Instrument;  e.  g.  "Virgam  in  qua  percussisti 
flumen,"  Aug.  Locut.  89  d.  Exod.;  "Bibere  in  ossibus  capi- 
tum,"  Flor.  Ill,  4,2;  "Statuam  in  aere  auratam  posuere," 
Inser.  Vet.  Hispan.  It  is  perhaps  hardly  necessary  to  add 
that  Petronius  never  employs  the  Genitive  or  the  Dative 
case  after  any  of  the  prepositions  which  we  are  here  con- 
sidering, although  a  few  examples  of  this  usage  are  seen  in 
late  vulgar  Latin.  Ronsch-  calls  attention  to  an  instance  of 
CUM  with  the  Genitive,  as  well  as  to  one  passage  in  which 
IN  is  similarly  used,  or  else  is  followed  by  the  Dative,  the 
noun  being  a  word  of  the  first  declension. 

§50.  It  remains  to  speak  of  three  odd  instances  in  which 
the  preposition  IN  is  followed  by  the  Accusative^  where  the 
Ablative  would  ordinarily  be  expected.  It  will  be  noticed 
that  in  two  of  these  instances  the  verb  "esse"  is  found: 

§§15,8:  "Neque  enim  res  tantum....in  controversiam 
esse";  42,4:  "Fui  enim  hodie  in  funus";  58,12:  "Videbo  te 
in  publicum". 

This  form  of  usage,  although  usually  regarded  as  plebeian, 
finds  expression  similarly  in  Cicero%  Livy  and  Ouintilian. 
It  is,  however,  especially  noticeable  in  the  Sermo  Plebeius,2i5 
Muncker  and  others''  have  shown.  Plautus,  Amphitr.  I, 
1,25,  has  "In  mentem  esse,"  and  a  number  of  other 
examples  might  be  cited.  Cf.  Gessner.  Thesaur.  Rustic: 
"In  fornacem  coquere,"  Cat.  r.  r.  39.2;  "In  curiam  fuerunt," 
Grut.  214;  "Mansi  in  solitudinem,"  Mon.  miss.  p.  47;  "In 
fines  ponere,"  "In  medium  esse,"  Faust,  et  Valer.  Grom., 
p.  308. 

§51.  This  tendency  in  plebeian  and  rustic  speech  to- 
ward  the  use   of  prepositions  with  cases  other  than  those 

1  ROusch,  pp.  396-397,  has  collected  many  examples  of  this  usage  in  late  writers;  q.v. 

2  Id.  p.  412. 

3  Madvig,  Gram.,  8230,  Obs.  2,  regards  the  Accusative  after  "esse,"  "habere,"  etc., 
as  probably  originating  in  an  error  of  pronunciation;  a  theory  which  may  reasonably 
be  doubted. 

4  e.  g.  Verr.  2,5,38  "Quod,  qui  illam  partem  urbis  teuereut,  in  eorum  potestatem 
portum  futurum  intellegebant." 

5  Cf.  ROnsch,  pp.  406,  407,  and  pp.  410-412;  cf.  also  Studer,  —  M,  Rh.  II,  p.  79. 


27. 

regularly  employed  in  classic  prose  and  poetry,  as  I  have 
intimated,  finds  few  examples  in  Petronius,  who  in  this 
respect  usually  follows  the  laws  of  standard  latinity.  Viola- 
tion of  these  laws,  however,  is  observed  not  only  in  the  pas- 
sages which  I  have  cited  on  pp.  28-29,  but  also  in  §39.26: 
"Quibus  prae  malS  su^  cornua  nascuntur";  and  in  §46,4: 
"Scimus  te  prae  literas  fatuum  esse."  Both  von  Guericke 
and  Ludwig,  and  especially  Ronsch',  have  collected  a  large 
number  of  examples  from  late  writers  as  well  as  from 
Pompeian  inscriptions. 

§52.  Turning  again  to  the  three  instances  of  IN  referred 
to  in  the  preceding  section,  it  may  be  worth  while  for  us  to 
note  that  the  words  "Neque  enim  res  tantum,  quae  vide- 
rentur,  in  controversiam  esse,"  are  put  into  the  mouth  of  the 
hero  of  the  story,  Encolpius,  the  use  of  the  preposition  here 
being  comparable  with  that  in  the  remark  made  at  Trim- 
alchio's  banquet  by  the  guest  Seleucus,  when  he  says,  in 
describing  the  death  of  his  friend  Chrysanthus,  "Fui  enim 
hodie  in  funus."  (Cf  the  vulgar  English,  "I  was  TO  a  funeral 
to-day.")  What  the  speaker  means,  of  course,  is,  as  von 
Guericke'  has  suggested:  "Contuli  me  in  funus,  et  adfui." 
In  the  same  way,  in  §58,12,  the  opponent  of  Ascyltus,  in  a 
little  tilt  which  has  occurred,  says  to  the  jocose  but  insup- 
pressible  boy  Giton,  "Videbo  te  in  publicum,"  or  as  one 
might  say  in  English,  under  similar  circumstances,  "I'll  see 
you  outside,"  the  meaning  clearly  being,  as  von  Guericke 
again  aptly  points  out,  "Curabo,  ut  venias  in  publicum  et  in 
publico  te  videbo."  Similarly  Plautus,  Men.  865,  has  "Astiti 
in  currum";  cf.  also  "Jacere  in  locum"  (Corp.  Inscr.  Lat.  II, 
3354);  "Manere  in  amicitiam"  (Corp.  Inscr.  Lat.  I,  200); 
"Quiescit  in  pacem"  (Corp.  Inscr.  Christ.  loi,  a.348),  and 
other  examples  cited  by  Plew  and  Ronsch. ■■ 


1  Cf.  von  Guer..  pp.  56-58;  Ludwig,  p.  36;  ROnsch,  pp.  406-412.     Cf.   also   Bonuel, 
'La  Latiuite  de  Gregoire  de  Tours,"  pp.  616-620. 

2  DeLing.  Vulg.,  p.  58. 

3  See   Plew,   '^De   Diversitat^   Auctorum    Historiae   Augustae,"  p.  4';  Riinsch,  pp. 


28. 

§53-  V^"  Guericke',  in  his  valuable  little  work  on 
Petronian  vulgarisms,  to  which  I  have  already  referred, 
alludes  to  the  passage,  "In  cenam  fieri"  (§47,24),  as  an  in- 
stance in  which  IN  is  equal  to  ad,  and  states  that  this  con- 
fusion of  prepositions  seems  to  have  arisen  through  care- 
lessness of  thought  on  the  part  of  the  uneducated  classes; 
and  further,  that  the  same  cause  explains  the  origin  of  those 
vulgar  expressions  such  as  "In  deversorio  admitti"  (§19,7), 
"Voca  cocum  in  medio"  (§49,7),  and  "In  balneo  sequi" 
(§26,25).  Moreover,  he  declares  that  this  form  of  usage 
appears,  in  fact,  in  the  '■'■Oratio  Urbaria,''  but  that  it  is,  per- 
haps, an  imitation  of  the  '^Sermo  Rjisticus'".  I  must  concur 
with  von  Guericke  in  being  unable  to  find  the  passage  cited 
by  Ludwig-  as  ^^7,  "In  balneo  descendere";  the  nearest  to 
which  I  have  found  to  be  in  §73,16,  which  reads,  according 
to  BUcheler,  "In  solium  descendimus,"  the  MS.  reading, 
however, being  "In  solo  descendimus".  But  to  this  passage 
I  have  referred  elsewhere^ 

§54.  The  use  of  IN  with  the  Ablative  in  the  sense  of  the 
Greek  eis  appears  not  only  in  a  considerable  number  of  in- 
stances both  in  vulgar  and  ecclesiastical  Latin,  but  is  also 
found  very  rarely  in  Cicero,  Nepos,  and  Ovid,  and  perhaps 
in  other  classical  representatives  as  well.  Cf  Cic,  Nat. 
Deor.  I,  "Ne  in  cogitatione  quidem  cadit";  also  Id.  Som. 
Scip,  3,  "Pietas  in*  (=AD)  parentibus  et  in  patria".  Also 
Nepos,  Phoc.  4:  "In  hoc  tantum  fuit  odium  multitudinis"; 
and  Ovid,  Trist.  V,  2,36:  "Saepe  suo  victor  lenis  in  hoste 
fuit";  also  Id.  Metam.  IV,  546;  and  Amor,  I,  7,34.  Among 
late  writers  many  examples  have  been  noted  by  Ronsch^ 
a  few  of  which  I  here  quote  for  convenience  of  comparison : 
Mt.  12,9,  "Venit  in  synagoga";  Id.  13,2,  "In  (  =  £is)  navi 
ascendens";    Id.    13,7,   "Ceciderunt   in   spinis";    Id.    13,47, 

1  De  Ling.  Vulg.  Reliq.,  p.  58. 

2  p.  36. 

3  See  p.  so  of  this  paper,  especially  Note  t. 

4  Cf.  Orell.  Inscr.  159:  "Pius  in  suis." 

5  pp.  406-407. 


"Missae  in  mari";  Id.  24,16,  "Fugiat  in  montibus";  Id.  26,52, 
"Converte  gladium  tuum  in  loco  suo";  Lucif.  Athan.  II, 
p.  135;  I  Sam.  26,6,  "Quis  introibit  mecum  in  (=£is)  castris," 
etc.,  Lucif.  Athan.  1,30.  Cf.  also  "Et  insufflavit  in  oculis," 
Reg. Germ.  4;  "Mitto  vos  tamquam  oves  in  medio'  luporem," 
Tert.  Scorp.  9;  "Tradidit  eos  in  manibus  diripientium," 
Scorp.  3;  and  "In  solitudine  translatus,"  Bapt.  20;  and 
further,  "In  tabulis  referre,".  Flor.  1,6;  "In  adjutorio  vocavit," 
Hygin.  Fab.  190;  and"Adhibitis  in  consilio  suo  consulibus," 
Spartian.  Hadr.  22;  etc. 

§55.  Another  interesting  and  uncommon  use  of  in  is 
found  in  Petronius,  §79,1  :  "Neque  fax  ulla  in  praesidio  erat, 
quae  iter  aperiret  errantibus,"  etc.  Here  the  prepositional 
phrase  closely  resembles  in  meaning  the  use  of  the  simple 
Dative  of  the  Double  Dative  construction.  Cf.  Terence, 
Phorm.  2,1:  "In  lucro  esse  alicui,"  and  the  modern  French, 
"Dieu  vous  soit  en  aide,"  etc.-  Moreover,  in  §21,1  I  have 
observed  the  only  parallel  in  Petronius  to  the  form  of  usage 
above  mentioned,  the  passage  being  from  a  fragmentary, 
but  very  legible  portion  of  the  narrative:  "Volebamus  miseri 
exclamare,  sed  nee  in  auxilio  erat  quisquam,"  etc. 

§56.  A  rare  use  of  IN  appears  in  §105,35  of  the  Petro- 
nian  narrative,  namely,  with  the  verb  "Durare":  "Cuius  tam 
crudeles  manus  in  hoc  supplicium  durassent."  This  con- 
struction is  not  only  rare,  but  is  not  found  in  ante-Augustan 
prose.  Tacitus,  Ann.  I,  6,  has  one  such  case,  viz. :  "In 
nullius  umquam  suorum  necem  duravit,"  where  the  force  of 
the  preposition  seems  to  be  somewhat  the  same  as  in  the 
examples  cited  on  p.  24,  §43,  of  this  paper. 

The  phrase  "in  publico,"  to  which  I  have  referred  else- 
where, occurs  a  few  times  in  Petronius,  and  is,  I  think,  vir- 
tually equivalent  to  the  adverb  "publice."  On  this  point 
Ludwig'^  has  an  interesting,  although,  it  seems  to  me,  hardly 

1  Cf.  Petronius,  §49,7. 

2  Ditz,  Grammaire  des  Langues  Romanes,  p.  157  ff.,  calls  attention  to  the  Italian, 
"Che  t'  e  in  piacere?"  and  "Questo  a  nie  sara  in  piacerc"  (Decani.  4,6). 

3  P-  36- 


30. 

convincing  statement.  In  reference  to  Petronius,  §71 ,27, 
"Nummos  in  publico ...  .effundentem,"  he  tabulates  an 
irregularity,  on  the  ground  that  in  such  an  instance  the 
Accusative  would  be  expected.  But  I  prefer  to  regard  the 
expression  as  adverbial,  as  in  Cic.  Att.,  8,9,2 :  "Epistulam 
in  publico  proponcre,"  etc.,  and  I  see  no  cogent  reason  for 
any  other  classification.  An  exact  parallel  case  is  seen  in 
Petronius,  §100,4:  "Quid  aquis  dici  formosius  potest?  In 
publico  tamen  manant." 

§57.  Another  interesting  use  of  IN  is  with  the  verb 
"Demando',"  instead  of  the  more  usual  construction  of  this 
verb  with  the  simple  Dative,  as  in  Livy,  V .,  27:  "Simul 
plures  pueri  unius  (sc.  paedagogi)  curae  demandabantur"; 
et  Id.,  8,36:  "Curam  sauciorum  militum  legatis  tribunisque 
(sc.  demandare)".  Petronius  has  one  example  of  this  verb 
with  in;  §61,17:  "Quicquid  habui,  in  illius  sinum  deman- 
davi,"  says  Trimalchio's  companion,  Niceros,  in  his  praise  of 
the  trustworthy  qualities  of  a  certain  Melissa  whom  he 
admires.  So  in  Suetonius,  Calig.  9,  occurs  the  expression 
"In  proximam  civitatem  demandari,"  i.  e.  "to  be  sent  for 
safety,"  etc.  But  even  Suetonius  usually  prefers  the  simple 
Dative,  as  in  his  life  of  Julius  Caesar,  §83:  "Testamentum 
virgini  Vestali  demandare," 

The  phrase  "In  oculis  ferre,"  in  the  sense  of  "to  love, 
esteem,  or  value,"  as  in  Cic,  Phil.,  6,4,11-,  is  found  once  in 
Petronius,  in  the  conversation  between  Trimalchio  and  the 
sevir  Habinnas;  §75,10:  "Non  est  dignus  quem  in  oculis 
feram?"  or  as  Kelly^  has  well  turned  it  in  his  English  ver- 
sion of  Petronius:  "Does  he  (i.  e.  puer)  not  deserve  that  I 
should  prize  him  as  the  apple  of  my  eye?"  So  Terence 
Eun.,  3,i\  has  a  similar  expression. 

§58.     Reference  has  already  been  made  to  the  extended 

1  This  verb,  iti  the  sense  of  "commeud,"  was  apparently  not  in  use  before  the  time 
of  Augustus.    See  the  Lexicons,  s.v. 

2  "Oderat  turn,  cum jam  fert  in  oculis." 

3  p.  276  (London,  1854). 

4  "Rex  te  ergo  iu  oculis,"  etc. 


31- 

use  in  Petronius  of  prepositions  in  place  of  some  of  the 
ordinary  case-constructions  in  classic  Latin.  There  is, 
however,  one  passage  to  which  I  have  not  before  alluded. 
I  refer  to  the  words  of  Trimalchio  in  §52,1  :  "In  argento 
plane  studiosus  sum,"  used  to  describe  the  latter's  fondness 
for  silver.  I  have  found  no  similar  use  of  IN  with  "studiosus," 
although  Varro,  R.R.,  1,17*,  has  AD  with  this  adjective. 
But  the  simple  Genitive  is  by  far  the  most  frequent  form  of 
usage,  and  occurs  in  Cicero,  Ovid,  Horace,  and  Ouintilian, 
as  well  as  in  other'  writers.  The  Dative  appears  in  some 
few  instances'-,  though  not  in  Petronius. 


CONCLUSION. 


We  have  now  seen,  in  more  or  less  minute  detail,  as  a 
result  of  the  foregoing  investigation,  the  main  facts  of 
Petronian  usage  in  reference  to  the  features  of  syntax  under 
discussion.  Among  other  points,  we  have  observed,  in  gen- 
eral, (i)that  Petronius  exhibits  a  tendency,  which  gradually 
found  acceptance  in  later  Latin,  to  employ  prepositional 
phrases  in  place  of  several  of  the  more  common  case- 
constructions  of  classic  usage;  e.g.  the  use  of  DE  for  the 
so-called  Partitive  Genitive,  and  the  occasional  giving  way 
of  the  Dative  of  the  Indirect  Object  to  the  construction 
with  AD,  as  well  as  certain  other  extended  uses  of  preposi- 
tions, such  as  the  participation  of  CUM  in  the  function  of  the 
Instrumental  Ablative,  etc.  We  have  (2)  also  noticed, 
though  rarely,  an  apparent  confusion  between  the  use  of  the 
Accusative  and  the  Ablative,  especially  with  ad  or  IN,  and 
in   one   or   two  passages  with   PRAE;  and  furthermore,   (3) 


1  "Studiosiores  ad  opus." 

2  e.  g.  Suetonius,  Jul.  Caes.,  46;  also  Sextus  Aurelius  Victor,  Epitome  i;   etc. 

3  Cf.  Plaut.,  Miles,  3,1,20. 


32. 

we  have  been  reminded,  through  the  efforts  of  Ronsch, 
Wolfflin  and  other  scholars,  that  the  tendency  of  the  Accus- 
ative to  assume  the  functions  of  the  other  cases  was  a 
growing  development  in  the  language,  amply  illustr:ited  in 
later  writers. 

In  regard  to  the  grammatical  character  of  the  language 
used  by  the  different  persons  in  the  narrative  of  Petronius, 
it  has  been  stated  by  Leonhard  Schmitz'  that  "in  this 
romance  the  hero  Encolpius  uses  the  language  of  a  gentle- 
man of  the  Augustan  age,  while  most  of  the  other  speakers, 
especially  Trimalchio,  speak  the  language  of  the  vulgar, 
uneducated  people,  full  of  all  manner  of  irregularities." 
While  to  a  great  extent  this  assertion  is  undoubtedly  true, 
yet  in  the  matter  of  the  use  of  some  of  the  leading  prepo- 
sitions, at  least,  as  I  have  tried  to  show,  we  occasionally  find 
even  in  the  words  of  the  "gentlemanly"  freedman  Encolpius 
distinct  traces  of  plebeian  speech.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
great  majority  of  the  utterances  of  the  other  persons  in  the 
story,  including  those  of  the  upstart  Trimalchio  himself,  are, 
from  the  point  of  view  of  the  conventional  standard  in  re- 
gard to  prepositional  usage,  in  excellent  latinity.  The 
principal  deviations  from  this  standard,  as  well  as  the  chief 
points  of  coincidence  with  it,  it  has  been  my  aim  to  investi- 
gate; and  although  in  doing  this  my  attention  has  frequently 
been  drawn  towards  various  forms  of  plebeian  usage, 
especially  in  the  matter  of  declension  and  the  curious 
mingling  of  Greek  with  Latin  words,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
coining  of  many  odd  terms,  I  feel  safe  in  asserting  that  in 
Petronius' treatment  of  the  four  prepositions  here  discussed 
the  Latin  language  could  hardly  have  been  subjected  to 
many  very  serious  injuries. 


1  Hist,  of  Lat.  Lit.,  p.  151. 


VITA. 

Natus  sum  Andreas  Oliver  Secundus  Bostoniae,  urbis 
in  civitate  Massachusettensi,  Kalendis  Novembris  anno 
Domini  MDCCCLXIX,  patre  Edwardo,  medicinae  doctore, 
matre  Susanna  e  gente  Mason,  quorum  alteram  adhuc 
superstitem  esse  laetor,  patrem  jam  ante  hos  Vannos  morte 
mihi  ereptum  doleo.  Fidei  addictus  sum  evangelicae. 
Litterarum  primitiis  in  puerorum  ludo  imbutus,  scholam 
praeceptricis  Adam,  feminae  benigno  ingenio  et  excel- 
lent!, per  triennium  frequentavi;  unde  auctumno  anni 
MDCCCLXXXI  rite  dimissus  in  scholam  quae  Anglice 
Noble's  Classical  School  dicta  est,  cui  tum  prae- 
fuerunt  viri  excellentissimi  Noble,  Keith,  et  Wiswell,transii. 
Quam  cum  per  V  annos  frequentassem,  deinde  uno  semes- 
trio  propter  aetatem  meam  puerilem  in  Schola  Linguarum 
Berlitz  peracto,  ut  linguam  Germanicam  susciperem, 
in  Universitatem  Harvardianam,  testimonio  maturitatis 
accepto,  almam  matrem  meam,  Cantabrigiae  in  civitate 
Massachusettensi  coUocatam,  me  contuli,  ut  inter  cives 
acciperer  academicos.  Ibi  per  quadriennium  illustrissimos 
viros  audivi,  inter  alios  Lane,  Goodwin,  Greenough,  Shaler, 
Norton,  Allen,  Wright,  Hill,  Palmer,  Smith,  Royce,  White, 
Sheldon,  Grandgent,  Morgan,  quibus  omnibus  gratias  ago 
quam  maximas;  atque  anno  MDCCCXCI,  probatione  rite 
habita,  ad  gradum  Baccalaurei  "CUM  LAUDE"  in  Artibus 
admissus  sum.  Tum,  animo  meo  ad  amorem  studiorum 
philologicorum  adverso,  per  triennium  pueros  in  scholis 
linguam  Graecam,  et  Latinam,  docui,  quam  plurimam. 
Mox,  autem,  amore  linguarum  ita  adductus,  ad  almam 
matrem  meam  ad  studia  perficienda  redii.  Ita  jam  iterum 
in  civitatem  academicam  per  annum  adscriptus,  ante  omnia 
hoc  secutus  sum,  ut  in  seminarium  philologicum  reciperer. 
Quo  impetrato,  studia  mea   sic  disposui:  primam  operam 


seminario  virorum  clarissimorum  dabam,  Allen,  White, 
Smith;  eodemque  tempore  Francisci  Babbitt  et  aliorum 
benevolentia  mihi  contigit  ut  societatis  philologae  sodalibus 
adscriptus  essem.  Alteram  quandam  operam  promiscue 
his  viris  excellentissimis,  Thayer  de  Novi  Testament! 
libris,  et  Hanus  de  adulescentium  disciplina,  dabam. 
Anno  MDCCCXCV  ad  gradum  Magistri  in  Artibus 
admissus  sum;  simul  item  praeceptor  in  schola  quae 
Anglice  POMFRET  SCHOOL,  in  civitate  Connecticutensi, 
dicta  est,  factus,  eo  officio  per  biennium  functus  sum. 
Anno  sequent!  Novum  Eboracum  bibliothecis  utendi  causa, 
aliisque  rebus  ad  eruditionem  pertinentibus,  ire  constitui. 
Seminarii  philologici  per  haec  semestria,  Ernest  Gottlieb 
Sihler,  Henrico  M.  Baird,  et  Frederico  Taber  Cooper,  viris 
doctissimis  et  optime  de  me  meritis,  studia  moderaritibus, 
fui  sodalis. 

Omnibus  quidem  quos  commemoravi  viris  gratias  et 
nunc  ago  et  semper  habebo  maximas.  Praematura  morte 
nuper  erepti  professoris  Allen  semper  servabo  memoriam. 


Scrips!  Novi  Eboraci  anno  MDCCCXCVIII, 


